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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
The Tsani inventory has been documented and assessed repeatedly since the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the foremost people in the field being the Belgian linguist Émile d'Ivoire and the Scottish linguist John Glenn Crossing, an expert on Jivan languages. | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
The following is a Tsani inventory of consonants, according to Émile d'Ivoire, a model nowadays serving as standard when analysing the language. It mostly differs from others models in terms of orthography, but also in analysing the sequence {{sc|plosive}} + {{sc|labio-velar approximant}} as phonemic ejectives. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+''' | |+'''d'Ivoire model''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| | ||
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| colspan="2"|'''tu '''/tʼ/ | | colspan="2"|'''tu '''/tʼ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| colspan="2" | ''' | | colspan="2" | '''qu '''/cʼ ~ qʼ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 85: | Line 85: | ||
| colspan="2"|'''t''' /t/ | | colspan="2"|'''t''' /t/ | ||
| | | | ||
| colspan="2" |''' | | colspan="2" |'''q''' /c ~ q/ | ||
|''' h ''' /ʔ/ | |''' h ''' /ʔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
D'Ivoire also re-analysed and standardised the phonemic inventory of vowels in the language. | |||
Tsan has four main vowels, /a/, /i/, /u/ and /ɛ/. All vowels can be long, in which case they are written with an acute accent. | |||
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;" | |||
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;" | |||
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"| | |||
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front''' | |||
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front''' | |||
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central''' | |||
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back''' | |||
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close''' | |||
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"> | |||
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"| | |||
! | <!-- CLOSE VOWELS --> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 9%; width: 1em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 1.2em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div> | |||
! | <!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS --> | ||
! | <!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS --> | ||
<!-- <div style="position: absolute; left: 18%; width: 1.3em; top: 30%; background: white;">ø</div> --> | |||
<!-- <div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">ɤ · o</div> --> | |||
! | <!-- MID VOWELS --> | ||
! | <!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS --> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 2.5em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɛ</div> | |||
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS --> | |||
| | <!-- OPEN VOWELS --> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 66%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div> | |||
| | |} | ||
</div></div> | |||
| | |- | ||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-close''' | |||
| | |- | ||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid''' | |||
|''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open''' | |||
|} | |||
<div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em">''Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.</div> | |||
| | ===Diphthongs=== | ||
There are eleven [[w:diphthongs|diphthongs]] according to most analyses. These are /aj/, /ɛj/, /uj/, /ja/, /jɛ/, /ju/, /aw/, /ɛw/, /wa/, /wi/ and /wɛ/. | |||
| | {| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;" | ||
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;" | |||
| | |style="padding-bottom:3px;"| | ||
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front''' | |||
| | | style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front''' | ||
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central''' | |||
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back''' | |||
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close''' | |||
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Diphthongs-Ts.png|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"> | |||
|''' | {| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;" | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"| | |||
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 9%; width: 1em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 1.2em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div> | |||
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS --> | |||
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS --> | |||
<!-- <div style="position: absolute; left: 18%; width: 1.3em; top: 30%; background: white;">ø</div> --> | |||
<!-- <div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">ɤ · o</div> --> | |||
<!-- MID VOWELS --> | |||
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 2.5em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɛ</div> | |||
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS --> | |||
<!-- OPEN VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 66%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div> | |||
|} | |} | ||
</div></div> | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-close''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid''' | |||
| | |||
|''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open''' | ||
|''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open''' | |||
|} | |} | ||
<div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em">''Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.</div> | |||
===Phonological processes=== | ===Phonological processes=== | ||
====Emphatic consonants==== | ====Emphatic consonants==== | ||
The term '''emphatic''' is a controversial one but refers to a certain form of assimilation in the | The term '''emphatic''' is a controversial one, introduced by Crossing, but refers to a certain form of assimilation in the Tsani language. Following long vowels, fricative consonants and /r/ change their pronunciation. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align:center" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align:center" | ||
|+''' | |+'''Tsani emphatics and finals''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="8"|Phonological changes | ! colspan="8"|Phonological changes | ||
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|/ʔ/ | |/ʔ/ | ||
|/ʁ ~ ʀ/ | |/r ~ ʁ ~ ʀ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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====Unreleased consonants==== | ====Unreleased consonants==== | ||
When in coda position of a word, consonants are pronounced with [[w:no audible release|no audible release]]. This applies to all oral occlusives, or plosives. Ejective plosives are never found in final position and thus never unreleased. | When in coda position of a word, consonants are pronounced with [[w:no audible release|no audible release]]. This applies to all oral occlusives, or plosives. Ejective plosives are never found in final position and thus never unreleased. D'Ivoir observed a tendency for final occlusive consonants to be fricativised in certain dialects. He did not want to go as far as to call it phonemic, however. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 350px; text-align:center" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 350px; text-align:center" | ||
|+''' | |+'''Tsani final occlusives''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="8"|Phonological changes | ! colspan="8"|Phonological changes | ||
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!t | !t | ||
! | !q | ||
|- | |- | ||
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===Suprasegmentals=== | ===Suprasegmentals=== | ||
==== | ====Stress==== | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== |