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Bpnjohnson (talk | contribs) (→Verbs) |
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===Negation=== | ===Negation=== | ||
Negation of verbs is marked by adding zr to the beginning of the verb. This applies to all versions of the verb. | Negation of verbs is marked by adding ''zr'' to the beginning of the verb. This applies to all versions of the verb. | ||
Affirmative: agen | |||
Negative: zragen | Affirmative: ''agen''<br /> | ||
leed zragen | Negative: ''zragen'' | ||
I NEG-see | |||
''leed zragen''<br /> | |||
I NEG-see<br /> | |||
"I do not see" | "I do not see" | ||
leed zraagaane | |||
I NEG-see-HAB/PAST | ''leed zraagaane''<br /> | ||
I NEG-see-HAB/PAST<br /> | |||
"I did not used to see" | "I did not used to see" | ||
Nominalization | |||
===Nominalization=== | |||
Nominalization is converting a verb into a noun. Brooding has several ways of doing this. In all cases, it involves | Nominalization is converting a verb into a noun. Brooding has several ways of doing this. In all cases, it involves | ||
inserting sounds after the key vowel. In some of those cases, the key vowel is replicated (where listed below, it is | inserting sounds after the key vowel. In some of those cases, the key vowel is replicated (where listed below, it is | ||
symbolized with V). | symbolized with V). | ||
Basic verb: | |||
agen - to see | '''Basic verb''':<br /> | ||
Action: insert nd | ''agen'' - to see | ||
Agent - particular: insert r | '''Action''': insert ''nd''<br /> | ||
''a'''nd'''gen'' - the act of seeing | |||
Agent - habitual: insert l | |||
'''Agent''' - particular: insert ''r''<br /> | |||
Patient: insert sp | ''a'''r'''gen'' - one who sees (at this moment in time) | ||
Result: insert t | '''Agent''' - habitual: insert ''l''<br /> | ||
''a'''l'''gen'' - one who sees (often, on a regular basis) | |||
Instrument: insert shlV | |||
'''Patient''': insert ''sp''<br /> | |||
Location: insert chV | ''a'''sp'''gen'' - one who is seen | ||
'''Result''': insert ''t''<br /> | |||
''a'''t'''gen'' - that which is seen | |||
'''Instrument''': insert ''shlV''<br /> | |||
''a'''shla'''gen'' - something used to see with | |||
'''Location''': insert ''chV''<br /> | |||
''a'''cha'''gen'' - a place where something is seen | |||
Nominalization can also be used with other forms of verbs as well. For example: | Nominalization can also be used with other forms of verbs as well. For example: | ||
'''''zr'''a'''l'''gen'' - one who does not see | |||
Serial verbs | ''aa'''t'''gen'' - that which was seen | ||
===Serial verbs=== | |||
Brooding allows verbs to be put in immediate sequence with each other in a construct called a serial verb. This is | Brooding allows verbs to be put in immediate sequence with each other in a construct called a serial verb. This is | ||
usually to describe a series of actions that are closely associated, especially in quick succession. | usually to describe a series of actions that are closely associated, especially in quick succession. | ||
For example: | For example: | ||
leed aagen oodit awaen | |||
I see-PAST run hide | ''leed aagen oodit awaen''<br /> | ||
"I saw, ran and hid" | I see-PAST run hide<br /> | ||
"I saw, ran, and hid" | |||
In this case, the verbs for see, run and hide are all in sequence and act as a single constituent. Note that only the | In this case, the verbs for see, run and hide are all in sequence and act as a single constituent. Note that only the | ||
first verb ( | first verb (''aagen'') is marked in the past - the rest of the verbs are just listed in their basic form. Also note that | ||
this isn't a long compound verb. The words are pronounced separately, but as the same phrase. | this isn't a long compound verb. The words are pronounced separately, but as the same phrase. | ||
Object Incorporation | |||
===Object Incorporation=== | |||
A form of compounding for verbs in Brooding is called object incorporation. This is when the object of the | A form of compounding for verbs in Brooding is called object incorporation. This is when the object of the | ||
sentence is combined with the verb. For example, instead of saying "He hits the cow", the object incorporated | sentence is combined with the verb. For example, instead of saying "He hits the cow", the object incorporated | ||
version of the sentence would be "He cow-hits". | version of the sentence would be "He cow-hits". | ||
To incorporate the object, the verb is appended to the object form of the noun to create the new verb. The key | To incorporate the object, the verb is appended to the object form of the noun to create the new verb. The key | ||
vowel of the new verb is the first vowel of the new word. That new verb can be inflected like any other verb | vowel of the new verb is the first vowel of the new word. That new verb can be inflected like any other verb. | ||
fosh ipeg ofoos | |||
he/she hit cow-OBJ | fosh ipeg ofoos<br /> | ||
he/she hit cow-OBJ<br /> | |||
"He hits a cow" | "He hits a cow" | ||
fosh ofoosipeg | |||
he/she cow-OBJ-hit | fosh ofoosipeg<br /> | ||
he/she cow-OBJ-hit<br /> | |||
"He hits a cow (literally cow-hits)" | "He hits a cow (literally cow-hits)" | ||
This is a productive procedure in Brooding - you can do it with any sentence with a single word object. However, | This is a productive procedure in Brooding - you can do it with any sentence with a single word object. However, | ||
it is more likely to be used when incorporating the object gives a distinct meaning. By using an incorporated | it is more likely to be used when incorporating the object gives a distinct meaning. By using an incorporated | ||
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a more specific meaning. Or it would contrast to a verb like 'waiter-tipping' (the two having very different | a more specific meaning. Or it would contrast to a verb like 'waiter-tipping' (the two having very different | ||
meanings). | meanings). | ||
Verb operations | |||
Causation | ===Verb operations=== | ||
Compounding with the verb ootawn (to cause) creates a verb where the subject is the entity causing and the | |||
====Causation==== | |||
Compounding with the verb ''ootawn'' (to cause) creates a verb where the subject is the entity causing and the | |||
object is what is being affected. For intransitive verbs, the new verb is transitive in that it takes an object. | object is what is being affected. For intransitive verbs, the new verb is transitive in that it takes an object. | ||
leed awaen | |||
I hide | leed awaen<br /> | ||
I hide<br /> | |||
"I hide" | "I hide" | ||
fosh ootawnawaen ileed | |||
he/she cause-hide I-OBJ | fosh ootawnawaen ileed<br /> | ||
he/she cause-hide I-OBJ<br /> | |||
"He hides me" (he make-hides me). | "He hides me" (he make-hides me). | ||
Note that you can still use cause as just a verb in conjunction with a noun clause. The difference between the | Note that you can still use cause as just a verb in conjunction with a noun clause. The difference between the | ||
two is similar to English - the wordier version implies a level of separation that the compound does not. | two is similar to English - the wordier version implies a level of separation that the compound does not. | ||
fosh ootawn andwaen oofruh leed | |||
he/she cause hide-action of I | fosh ootawn andwaen oofruh leed<br /> | ||
he/she cause hide-action of I<br /> | |||
"He causes me to hide" (lit "He causes the hiding of me"). | "He causes me to hide" (lit "He causes the hiding of me"). | ||
Reflexives and reciprocals | Reflexives and reciprocals | ||
Sometimes the subject is doing something to itself. Or a number of subjects are doing something to each other. | Sometimes the subject is doing something to itself. Or a number of subjects are doing something to each other. | ||
These are reflexives and reciprocals. These use special object words. | These are reflexives and reciprocals. These use special object words. | ||
Reflexive - oo | Reflexive - oo | ||
Reciprocal - oone | Reciprocal - oone | ||
leed okhair oo | |||
I hit REF | leed okhair oo<br /> | ||
I hit REF<br /> | |||
"I hit myself" | "I hit myself" | ||
fo okhair oo | |||
they hit REF | fo okhair oo<br /> | ||
they hit REF<br /> | |||
"They hit themselves" | "They hit themselves" | ||
fo okhair oone | |||
they hit REC | fo okhair oone<br /> | ||
they hit REC<br /> | |||
"They hit each other" | "They hit each other" | ||
As in English, you can use a reflexive as part of emphasis for an intransitive verb ("I hide myself"). However, in | As in English, you can use a reflexive as part of emphasis for an intransitive verb ("I hide myself"). However, in | ||
Brooding, you explicitly have to make the intransitive verb a transitive one: | Brooding, you explicitly have to make the intransitive verb a transitive one: | ||
leed ootawnawaen oo | |||
I cause-hide REF | leed ootawnawaen oo<br /> | ||
I cause-hide REF<br /> | |||
"I hide myself" ("I cause-hide myself") | "I hide myself" ("I cause-hide myself") | ||
Passive voice | Passive voice | ||
In English, we can de-emphasize the object (or omit it entirely) through the use of a passive voice, such as "The | In English, we can de-emphasize the object (or omit it entirely) through the use of a passive voice, such as "The | ||
cow is seen". If the subject is mentioned at all, it is in a prepositional phrase: "The cow was seen by me." | cow is seen". If the subject is mentioned at all, it is in a prepositional phrase: "The cow was seen by me." | ||
In Brooding, a passive is made by omitting the subject and just having an object. However, given that Brooding | In Brooding, a passive is made by omitting the subject and just having an object. However, given that Brooding | ||
is a V2 language, the verb MUST be second. So the object moves to the front of the sentence. If the subject is | is a V2 language, the verb MUST be second. So the object moves to the front of the sentence. If the subject is | ||
mentioned at all, it is in a preposition phrase using ite. | mentioned at all, it is in a preposition phrase using ''ite''. | ||
Active: | Active: | ||
leed agen ofoos ga | leed agen ofoos ga<br /> | ||
I see cow-OBJ that | I see cow-OBJ that<br /> | ||
"I see that cow" | "I see that cow" | ||
Passive | |||
ofoos ga agen | Passive: | ||
cow-OBJ that see | ofoos ga agen<br /> | ||
cow-OBJ that see<br /> | |||
"That cow is seen" | "That cow is seen" | ||
ofoos ga agen ite leed | |||
cow-OBJ that see by I | ofoos ga agen ite leed<br /> | ||
cow-OBJ that see by I<br /> | |||
"That cow is seen by me" | "That cow is seen by me" | ||