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[[Cascadian Turkic/Lexicon|Lexicon]]
'''Sapkhan''' is the official language of Sapkha in [[Bjeheond]].
 
'''Cascadian Turkic''' is a Turkic language spoken in [[User:IlL/Lõis]]'s Pacific Northwest.


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==Introduction==
==Introduction==


===Names===
 
[placeholder]
Sapkhan is a tonal language and is unrelated to the [[Hlou]]-[[Ku]] languages.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==


All letters are pronounced as in Turkish, except:
Oddly enough, the only nasal sound present in Sapkhan is /ɳ/, as the others have undergone mergers (/m n ɲ/ merged with /b l j/ while /ŋ/ disappeared).
 
* '''e''' is always /ɛ/ [e̞ ~ ɛ], never /æ/;
* '''ı''' is typically [ə ~ ʌ̈];
* '''r''' is /ɹ/ or /ɻ/;
* '''ŕ''' is /r/;
* '''ȼ''' is /ɬ/;
* '''ŋ''' is /ŋ/; and
* '''ẓ''' is /ʒ/.
 
The letters '''w''' /w/ and '''y''' /y/ are used in foreign words. In addition, educated speakers often make a distinction between the native phonemes '''h''' /h/ and '''k''' /k/, and the phonemes '''ḥ''' /x/ and '''ḳ''' /q/ respectively, which can be found in Eskimo and Salish loans. However, the use of ejectives in Lushootseed loans that have them, e.g. /ts’əm/ for ''tsım (etmik)'' 'to pick berries' is considered pretentious.
 
===Vowel harmony===
 
The symbols X and O denote two underspecified vowels. X can be i, ı, u or ü, and O can be e, a, o or ö.
 
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
 
===Nouns===
 
Cascadian Turkic has 6 cases:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Accusative !! Locative !! Ablative !! Dative
|-
| Ending || || -(n)O || -(n)X || -dX/-tX || -dXn/-tXn || -kX, -ŋX after a vowel
|}
 
The plural is -lXŕ.
 
Unusually for a Turkic language, first and second person possessives are prefixes.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Person !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| 1 || be- || rim-
|-
| 2 || ȼe- || re-
|}
 
The third person possessive is a suffix: -(s)X. -sX may be abbreviated to -s.
 
===Verbs===
* Simple present: -(X)ŕ-, negative -mXr-
* Present continuous: -bie-, negative -mXbie-
* Past: -dX/tX-, negative -mXdX-
* Evidential past: -mXs-, negative -mXmXs-
* Future: -(X)ẓXŋ-, negative -mXẓXŋ-
 
Here are the personal suffixes:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Person !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| 1 || -mXn || -mXr
|-
| 2 || -sXn || -sXr
|-
| 3 || -Ø/-dXŕ/-tXŕ || -Ø/-lXŕ
|}
 
These work somewhat differently in the present continuous tense:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Person !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| 1 || -biemin || -biemir
|-
| 2 || -biesin || -biesir
|-
| 3 || -bier || -bier/-bieliŕ
|}
 
In the future tense and in predicative sentences (where these suffixes are attached to nouns or adjectives), -sXn and -sXr become -ȼXn and -ȼXr respectively. The suffix -dXŕ/tXŕ may be used for third person predicatives.
 
The existential verb 'there is' is ''bıaŕ'', negative ''ẓuok''.
 
The root ''tut-'' can be used with the meaning 'to have'.
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
 
==Example texts==
 
==Some non-Turkic words==
''Süötüptün'' = the Pacific Northwest, from Lushootseed "swátixʷtəd" (earth)
 
''tsımetmik'' = to pick berries, from Lushootseed "c’əb"
 
''tsımẓı'' = berry picker (-ẓı ~ Turkish -cı)


''shıwın'' = blackberry, from Lushootseed "sx̌əgʷəd"
p pʰ t tʰ ʈ ʈʰ c cʰ k kʰ bʰ dʰ ɖʰ ɟʰ gʰ


==Other resources==
ɳ~ɭ̃ ɳʰ
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->


<!-- Template area -->
tɬ ɬ l tʳ r̥ r j ʋ


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Lõis]]
[[Category:Tricin]]

Revision as of 13:20, 23 February 2018

Sapkhan is the official language of Sapkha in Bjeheond.


Introduction

Sapkhan is a tonal language and is unrelated to the Hlou-Ku languages.

Phonology

Oddly enough, the only nasal sound present in Sapkhan is /ɳ/, as the others have undergone mergers (/m n ɲ/ merged with /b l j/ while /ŋ/ disappeared).

p pʰ t tʰ ʈ ʈʰ c cʰ k kʰ bʰ dʰ ɖʰ ɟʰ gʰ

ɳ~ɭ̃ ɳʰ

tɬ ɬ l tʳ r̥ r j ʋ

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