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Oddly enough, the only nasal sounds present in Sapkhan are retroflex, as the others have undergone mergers. /m n ɲ/ merged with /ʋ l j/ while /ŋ/ disappeared. Historical /z/ merged with /dʰ/. | Oddly enough, the only nasal sounds present in Sapkhan are retroflex, as the others have undergone mergers. /m n ɲ/ merged with /ʋ l j/ while /ŋ/ disappeared. Historical /z/ merged with /dʰ/. | ||
==Initials== | ===Initials=== | ||
p pʰ t tʰ ʈ ʈʰ c cʰ k kʰ bʰ dʰ ɖʰ ɟʰ gʰ | p pʰ t tʰ ʈ ʈʰ c cʰ k kʰ bʰ dʰ ɖʰ ɟʰ gʰ | ||
| Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
ts s tɬ ɬ l tʳ r̥ r j ʋ | ts s tɬ ɬ l tʳ r̥ r j ʋ | ||
==Medials== | ===Medials=== | ||
a e i o u | a e i o u (e and i are realized as /ə/ and /ɨ/ after retroflex consonants; o and u are realized as /ø/ and /y/ after palatals) | ||
==Finals== | ===Finals=== | ||
Ø (null), p, t, ʔ, ṃ (realized as nasalization and lengthening of the previous vowel) | Ø (null), p, t, ʔ, ṃ (realized as nasalization and lengthening of the previous vowel) | ||
==Tones== | ===Tones=== | ||
There are four tones in Sapkhan in addition to the unstressed tone: | There are four tones in Sapkhan in addition to the unstressed tone: | ||
Revision as of 13:31, 23 February 2018
Sapkhan is the official language of Sapkha in Bjeheond.
Introduction
Sapkhan is a tonal language and is unrelated to the Hlou-Ku languages.
Phonology
Oddly enough, the only nasal sounds present in Sapkhan are retroflex, as the others have undergone mergers. /m n ɲ/ merged with /ʋ l j/ while /ŋ/ disappeared. Historical /z/ merged with /dʰ/.
Initials
p pʰ t tʰ ʈ ʈʰ c cʰ k kʰ bʰ dʰ ɖʰ ɟʰ gʰ
pɳ ʈɳ kɳ pʰɳ kʰɳ pɬ kɬ pr kr pr̥ kr̥
ɳ~ɭ̃ ɳʰ
ts s tɬ ɬ l tʳ r̥ r j ʋ
Medials
a e i o u (e and i are realized as /ə/ and /ɨ/ after retroflex consonants; o and u are realized as /ø/ and /y/ after palatals)
Finals
Ø (null), p, t, ʔ, ṃ (realized as nasalization and lengthening of the previous vowel)
Tones
There are four tones in Sapkhan in addition to the unstressed tone:
1) high level (ā /a˥˦/)
2) mid level (a or ạ /a˧/); not used with breathy initials or final stops
3) low dipping (ǎ /a˨˩˦/); realized as a low level tone after final stops
4) mid rising (á /˧˥/); not used with final stops