Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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 * '''golat''' translates "meanwhile" or "on the other hand".
 * '''gu(n) — ša''' is a circumfix around verbs used to negate it, e.g. ''gu yuyųlsegde ša'' "(s)he doesn't want to eat"). Note that the ''ša'' element is omitted if the verb is attributive.
+* '''lai''' is the "inclusive or"
 * '''laha''' means "only, just", e.g. ''lārvājuṣui laha flå'' "I'm only going to the temple".
 * '''lā''' (arch. ''lapi'') means "with", in the comitative sense, requiring essive case. Similarly, '''udvī''' means "without", with the same case (e.g. ''liliąa ñæltęs lā'' "with my sister"; ''liliąa ñæltęs udvī'' "without my sister").
 * '''lǣh''' translates "already", with a noun in essive case or a verb in the semantically correct mood.
-* '''mbu''' means "or"; placement with nouns is the same as ''no''/''lasь'', and with verbs it's often the same as ''sama''.
+* '''mbu''' is the "exclusive or"; placement with nouns is the same as ''no''/''lasь'', and with verbs it's often the same as ''sama''.
 * '''mei''' and '''go''' are the Chlouvānem words for "yes" and "no" respectively; their use is however different from English, as they are used according to the polarity of the question: ''mei'' answers "yes" to affirmative questions and "no" to negative questions; ''go'' answers "no" to affirmative questions and "yes" to negative questions.
 * '''menni''' translates "because, for". If there's a following main clause, then it's the last word in the subordinate of reason (this use is synonymous to the consequential secondary verbal mood of cause); if it's a lone sentence (an answer), then it is usually at the ''second'' place in the sentence, after the verbal trigger (e.g. ''tami menni yuyųlsegde'' "because (s)he wants to eat").
 * '''mūji''' translates "almost", "more or less"
 * '''mæn''' [[Chlouvānem#Use of the topic|marks the topic]] which otherwise has no role in the sentence (often used inside larger conversations, e.g. ''lili mæn yulte kåmbe'' (mine/as for me (echoing a previous sentence), [it is] in the bright yellow backpack; OR: as for me, [I keep it] in...)).
-* '''najinai''' means "maybe"; it stems from the archaic potential form of ''najake'' (to happen). It requires a verb in subjunctive mood.
+* '''najelai''' means "maybe"; it stems from the archaic potential form of ''najalle'' (to happen). It requires a verb in subjunctive mood.
 * '''nali''', when used with a noun in direct case, marks the benefactive argument in any voice except benefactive-trigger. When used with a verb in subjunctive mood, it means "in order to", with a nuance of hope (when compared to the bare subjunctive, which already has that meaning).
 * '''nānim''' translates "almost", with a noun in essive case or a verb in the semantically correct mood.
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 * '''tī''' translates "because", "for", and it is always in the second clause of a sentence: ''tū dadrāṃte tī daudiau'' "I have done it because I wanted to".
 * '''tora''' translates "also", "too", usually before the verb (e.g. ''tora tū uyųlaṃte'' "I've eaten that too"); note that "also" as a conjunction between two sentences is usually translated with ''nanū'' (more).
-** '''tora gu''' is a particle-adjective locution translating "not even", and is put before the noun it refers to;
+** '''tora gu''' is a particle-adjective locution translating "not even", and is put before the noun it refers to.;
 ** '''tora no''', after the noun, translates "even" - e.g. ''tami tora no tū dadrāte'' "even he has done it it").
 * '''tælū''' means "again".
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 * '''udvī''' translates "without"; it requires a noun in essive case or a verb in subjunctive mood.
-===Paired particles===
+==="Paired" particles===
-The paired particles in Chlouvānem are:
+Chlouvānem does not have "paired" particles as English does, because they are translated in different ways:
-* '''gu''' X '''tora gu''' Y '''no''' — translating "neither X nor Y"; e.g. ''gu jādāh tora gu lañekaica no tū draikate'' "neither Jādāh nor Lañekaica did it".
+* "both... and..." is translated by the adverb '''peimęe''' (the same), either in the form "X Y no peimęe" or in "X ..., Y peimęe":
-* X '''gyęe''' Y '''mbu''' — translating "either X or Y". ''gyęe'' is the adverb derived from ''gyake'' (to be). e.g. ''jādāh gyęe lañekaica mbu tū draikate'' "either Jādāh or Lañekaica did it".
+:: ''jādāh lañekaica no peimęe tū draikate'' "both Jādāh and Lañekaica did it".
-* X '''gyęe''' Y '''tora no''' — translating "both X and Y"; e.g. ''jādāh gyęe lañekaica tora no tū draikate'' "both Jādāh and Lañekaica did it".
+:: ''nāniu uyųlaṃte : māru peimęe'' "I have eaten both the bread and the mango".
+* "neither... nor..." requires the sentence to be built in a different way, namely "not X, and also not Y", where "also not" is translated in two different ways: 1) by the particle '''gūta''' (more formal); or 2) with the adverb ''peimęe'' - therefore building a sentence that is exactly like the "both X and Y" but negative.
+:: ''jādāh tū gu dṛkte ša : lañekaica gūta'' "neither Jādah nor Lañekaica did it". Literal translation: Jādāh didn't do it, and Lañekaica also [didn't].
+:: ''nāniu gu uyųlaṃte ša : māru peimęe'' "I have eaten neither the bread nor the mango". Literally: I haven't eaten the bread, and the same for the mango.
+* "either... or..." is easily translated by the exclusive or (''mbu''). It is commonly only used after the second term, but it can be put after every term for emphasis:
+:: ''jādāh (mbu) lañekaica mbu tū dṛkte'' "either Jādah or Lañekaica did it" (note the singular verb).
 ===Emphatic particles===