Scellan/Sketchbook: Difference between revisions

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'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (English: /bɪˈnoʊkiən/) is a southern [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] descended from [[Thensarian]]. The phonology is inspired by Ashkenazi Hebrew and Portuguese. The vocabulary is purer than Eevo, but there is still a significant fraction of Windermere and Clofabic loans.
==Historical phonology==
*''p t c'' > ''b d g'' (like Spanish)
*''-φ-'' vanishes
*''b d g'' often lenites to ''v z Ø''
*''str'' > ''sr''
*Stress shift: non-initial stressed vowels are marked with acute accent
*How does Benocian borrow Windermere words?
*1: cêƞ /kɛ̃/
*2: têxôr‚ têx /tes/
*3: nâge
*4: lov
*5: orv
*6: cuv
*7: xol
*8: zic
*9: ad
*10: gar
*11: vem
*12: clut
*''nis'' = not
*''a'' = and
*''Fasám'' = Fyxám


==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Uvular
!  |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n~l/
|
| <span style="color:gray;">'''n''' [ŋ]</span>
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/<br/>'''tx''' /ts/
| '''ŧ''' /t͡ʃ/
| '''c''' /k/
|
| ('''ȝ''' /ʔ/)<sup>1</sup>
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
|
| '''g''' /g/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/
| '''x, ss''' /s/
| '''s''' /ʃ/
| '''ch''' /x/
|
|rowspan="2" |
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| '''z''' /z/
| '''j''' /ʒ/
|
| '''l, ħ''' /ʁ~h/
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|}
:<sup>1</sup> Silent in everyday speech.
In addition, the letter '''h''' is used as a silent letter.
====Borrowing Windermere consonants====
*m n ng → m n n
*b d g → b d g
*p t c ' → p t c ȝ
*ts tł → tx ŧ
*f th ch → f~v x~z ch
*s ł ș h → x s s ħ
*w r y l → v r j l
===Vowels===
Bênôcian has 7 basic vowels: /i u e ø o ɛ a/.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels (oral)'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 60px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 120px; " |Front
! rowspan="2" style="width: 60px; " |Central
! rowspan="2" style="width: 60px; " |Back
|-
! |<small>unrounded</small>
! |<small>rounded</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
|-
! style="" |Near-close
| [ɪ]
| [ʏ]
| [ə]
|
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''ê''' /e/
| '''ô''' /ø/
|
| '''â, o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''e''' /ɛ/
| [ɞ]
| '''a''' /a/
|
|}
{{col-break}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels (nasal)'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 60px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 120px; " |Front
! rowspan="2" style="width: 60px; " |Central
! rowspan="2" style="width: 60px; " |Back
|-
! |<small>unrounded</small>
! |<small>rounded</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Near-close
| '''iƞ''' /ɪ̃/
|
|
| '''uƞ''' /ʊ̃/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''êƞ''' /ɛ̃/
| '''ôƞ''' /œ̃/
| [ə̃]
| '''âƞ, oƞ''' /ɔ̃/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| '''aƞ, eƞ''' /ɐ̃/
|
|}
{{col-end}}
====Vowel reduction====
Vowels are reduced in unstressed syllables.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center;"
|-
!|Phoneme
!|Reduced
|-
|/i/
|[ɪ]
|-
|/u/
|[ʊ]
|-
|/e/
|[ɪ]
|-
|/ø/
|[ʏ]
|-
|/a/
|[ə]
|-
|/ɔ/
|[ə]
|-
|/ɐ̃/, /œ̃/
|[ə̃]
|-
|/ɛ̃/
|[ɪ̃]
|}
====Borrowing Windermere vowels====
Windermere vowels
a e i o u y 〈a e i o u ü〉 → a e i o u i
iə eə uə oə yə 〈ie ea ua oa üe〉 → ia ea ua oa ia
ə 〈ă〉 (in unstressed syllables → a
===Stress===
In this article, stress is marked with an acute accent; stress marking follows the same rules as in Portuguese.
==Orthography==
{{PAGENAME}} orthography is fairly conservative compared to its pronunciation.
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
The masculine and feminine genders in [[Thensarian/Morphology|Thensarian]] has collapsed into the common gender.
The definite article is ''eƞ''.
====Declension paradigms====
=====a-stem common=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''mâra'' 'tree'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''mâra'' || ''mâris''
|-
! Construct
| ''mâraz'' || ''mârus''
|}
=====o-stem common=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''vêro'' 'king'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''vêro'' || ''vếrois''
|-
! Construct
| ''vêroz'' || ''vếrous''
|}
=====i-stem common=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''rud'' 'man'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''rud'' || ''rudis''
|-
! Construct
| ''rudiz'' || ''rúdius''
|}
=====u-stem common=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''suŧu'' 'bark'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''suŧu'' || ''súŧuis''
|-
! Construct
| ''suŧuz'' || ''súŧuus''
|}
=====ā-stem common=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''seumâ'' 'space'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''seumâ'' || ''seumâis''
|-
! Construct
| ''seumâz'' || ''seumâus''
|}
=====ē-stem common=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''tie'' 'hand'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''tie'' || ''tieis''
|-
! Construct
| ''tiez'' || ''tieus''
|}
=====ū-stem common=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''andu'' 'sun'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''andu'' || ''anduis''
|-
! Construct
| ''anduz'' || ''anduus''
|}
=====a-stem neuter=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''teŧas'' 'child'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''teŧas'' || ''teŧiƞ''
|-
! Construct
| ''teŧaz'' || ''téŧius''
|}
=====o-stem neuter=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''ħôdos'' 'spear'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''ħôdos'' || ''ħôdôƞ''
|-
! Construct
| ''ħôdoz'' || ''ħốduus''
|}
=====i-stem neuter=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''veles'' 'name'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''veles'' || ''veliƞ''
|-
! Construct
| ''velez'' || ''vélius''
|}
=====u-stem neuter=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''scizôs'' 'pile'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''scizôs'' || ''scizuƞ''
|-
! Construct
| ''scizôz'' || ''scízuus''
|}
=====Consonant-stem neuter=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''stus'' 'fire'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''stus'' || ''stuƞ''
|-
! Construct
| ''stuz'' || ''stuus''
|}
====Gender of borrowed nouns====
Foreign nouns are usually assigned gender according to animacy: animates become common nouns, and inanimates become neuter nouns.
====Declension of borrowed nouns====
=====Loans ending in unstressed vowels=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''ilsa'' 'eagle' (common)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''ilsa'' || ''ílsais''
|-
! Construct
| ''ilsaz'' || ''ílsaus''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''acla'' 'sugar' (neuter)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''acla'' || ''aclaƞ''
|-
! Construct
| ''aclaz'' || ''áclaus''
|}
=====Loans ending in stressed vowels=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''amré'' 'specter' (common)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''amré'' || ''amréis''
|-
! Construct
| ''amréz'' || ''amréus''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''xra'' 'chord' (neuter)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''xra'' || ''xrais''
|-
! Construct
| ''xraz'' || ''xraus''
|}
=====Loans ending in consonants=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''nuxíad'' 'doctorate, Dr.' (common)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''nuxíad'' || ''nuxíadis''
|-
! Construct
| ''nuxíadiz'' || ''nuxíadius''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''tarxíad'' 'school' (neuter)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''tarxíad'' || ''tarxíadiƞ''
|-
! Construct
| ''tarxíadiz'' || ''tarxíadius''
|}
===Adjectives===
===Verbs===
Bênôcian verbs are significantly simpler than Thensarian verbs, though the multiple infinitives of Thensarian have survived.
====Ablaut patterns for strong verbs====
====Present indicative====
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tôssânâ'' "I invoke"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenâ'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''elinâ'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem/C-stem)
|-
| 1SG || tôssânâ || torenâ || elinâ
|-
| 2SG || tôssâr || torer || elir
|-
| 3SG || tôssâ || tore || el
|-
| 1PL || tôssáƞs || toréƞs || elíƞs
|-
| 2PL || tôssấc || toréc || elíc
|-
| 3PL || tôssâ || tore || el
|}
====Past indicative====
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tôssânâ'' "I invoke"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenâ'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''elinâ'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem/C-stem)
|-
| 1SG || tôssâz || torez || eliz
|-
| 2SG || tôssâi || torei || elii
|-
| 3SG || tôssâso || toreso || eliso
|-
| 1PL || tôssáƞr || toréƞr || elíƞr
|-
| 2PL || tôssâcer || torecer || elicer
|-
| 3PL || tôssâso || toreso || eliso
|}
====Present subjunctive====
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tôssânâ'' "I invoke"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenâ'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''elinâ'' "I love"<br/>(C-stem)
|-
| 1SG || tôssaj || torej || elij
|-
| 2SG || tôssare || torere || elire
|-
| 3SG || tôssor || torior || elior
|-
| 1PL || tôssante || torente || elinte
|-
| 2PL || tôssace || torece || elice
|-
| 3PL || tôssor || torior || elior
|}
====Past subjunctive====
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tôssânâ'' "I invoke"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''elinâ'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem/C-stem)
|-
| 1SG || tôssấzoƞ || tórezoƞ || elizoƞ
|-
| 2SG || tôssấzor || tórezor || elizor
|-
| 3SG || tôssấzo || tórezo || elizo
|-
| 1PL || tôssâzóƞs || torezóƞs || elizóƞs
|-
| 2PL || tôssâzóc || torezóc || elizóc
|-
| 3PL || tôssấzo || tórezo || elizo
|}
====Future====
The future tense is ergative; it is derived from Thensarian ''lē'' + present participle (cf. German, where ''zu'' + active participle is the gerundive).
:''Li harai haƞ de tarsíad.''
:He will go to school.
:''Li cassis eƞ glexanos tri nâ.''
:I will eat the potato.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Future participle of ''cassiƞ'' 'eat'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Common
| ''li cassi'' || ''li cassiƞ''
|-
! Neuter
| ''li cassis'' || ''li cassir''
|-
! Construct
| ''li cassiz'' || ''li cassius''
|}
====Infinitives====
The Thensarian ''-s'' infinitive has been lost; the present subjunctive is used instead, as in Arabic or Greek.
*''Jozanâ rê '''êstiaj''' slâma.'' = "I want to feel good."
*''Nis joza haƞ rê '''haror''' de tarsíad cresiƞ.'' = "He doesn't want to go to school today."
An infinitive: ''tôssâgos'' (used in nominalized clauses)
*''Carsais '''tôssâgos'''.'' = "It is exhausting to cast spells./Invocation is exhausting."
Another infinitive: ''tôssav'' (used with prepositions such as ''gil'' and ''de'')
*''drếvior haƞ gil '''cássiviz''' haƞ'' = "He avoided eating it."
===Derivational morphology===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
! colspan="4"|From...
|-
! Noun
! Verb
! Adjective<br>or Determiner
! Adverb
|-
! rowspan="4"|To...
! Noun
| ''-veƞ'', ''-veniƞ'' (agentive)
| ''-veƞ'', ''-veniƞ'' (agentive)
|
|
|-
! Verb
|
|
|
|
|-
! Adjective<br>or Determiner
|
|
|
|
|-
! Adverb
|
|
|
| -
|}
==Syntax==
Bênôcian syntax is VSO.
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]

Revision as of 13:40, 25 July 2018

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