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West Carpathian grammar: Difference between revisions

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West Carpathian grammar (view source)

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In this article various aspects of [[West Carpathian]] grammar are discussed. Unlike the neighbouring languages, such as Slovak and Polish, which are the Slavic languages, West Carpathian belongs to the [[w:Alpatho-Hirtic languages|Oronaic]] language family, and is typologically between fusional and agglutinative languages.
In this article various aspects of [[West Carpathian]] grammar are discussed. Unlike the neighbouring languages, such as Slovak and Polish, which are the Slavic languages, West Carpathian belongs to the [[w:Alpatho-Hirtic languages|Oronaic]] language family, and is typologically between fusional and agglutinative languages.
==Nouns==
==Nouns==
The West Carpathian language has gender category in nouns or even in personal pronouns, similarly to neighbouring Hungarian: ''sun'' is "he", "she", or "it", depending on the referent. There are no articles, meaning the definiteness is not distinguished.
The West Carpathian language has no gender category in nouns or even in personal pronouns, similarly to neighbouring Hungarian: ''sun'' is "he", "she", or "it", depending on the referent. There are no articles, meaning the definiteness is not distinguished.
===Cases===
===Cases===
West Carpathian has eleven cases: six grammatical cases, three locative cases, three directional cases. The most typical case endings for singular ('''sg''') and plural ('''pl''') numbers are shown in the table below:
West Carpathian has eleven cases: six grammatical cases, three locative cases, three directional cases. The most typical case endings for singular ('''sg''') and plural ('''pl''') numbers are shown in the table below:
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|
|
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tuare 2, pärä - "bark"
|+ Tuare 2, piärä - "bark"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Case
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! sg !! pl
! sg !! pl
|-
|-
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''pärä'' || ''päräk''  
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''piärä'' || ''piäräk''  
|-
|-
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''päreä'' || ''pärämme''  
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''piäreä'' || ''piärämme''  
|-
|-
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''pärui'' || ''pärädui''  
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''piärui'' || ''piärädui''  
|-
|-
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''päräid'' || ''pärīd''  
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''piäräid'' || ''piärīd''  
|-
|-
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''pärēn'' || ''päräkēn''  
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''piärēn'' || ''piäräkēn''  
|-
|-
|}
|}
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|
|
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tuare 5, lakō - "small"
|+ Tuare 5, lākō - "small"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Case
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! sg !! pl
! sg !! pl
|-
|-
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''lakō'' || ''laok''  
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''lākō'' || ''laok''  
|-
|-
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''lakauta'' || ''laomma''  
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''lākauta'' || ''laomma''  
|-
|-
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''lakauju'' || ''lakōdū''  
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''lākauju'' || ''lākōdū''  
|-
|-
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''laojcid'' || ''laojdid''  
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''laojcid'' || ''laojdid''  
|-
|-
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''lakavōn'' || ''laovkōn''  
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''lākavōn'' || ''laovkōn''  
|-
|-
|}
|}
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|-
|-
|}
|}
The pluperfect (almost the same as English past perfect) uses the auxillary verb ''īkā'', which can be translated as "to have been/done" in English, and and an infinitive V of verbs, which in this case is similar to an active participle, like English "talking".
The pluperfect (almost the same as English past perfect) uses the auxillary verb ''īkai'', which can be translated as "to have been/done" in English, and and an infinitive V of verbs, which in this case is similar to an active participle, like English "talking".
 
===Other moods===
===Other moods===
The three other moods are conditional, potential and imperative.
The three other moods are conditional, potential and imperative.
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|-
|-
! 1st sg.
! 1st sg.
| mālkōnō || ēmakkōnō || ihōnō mālinna || ihōnō ēmālō
| mālkōnō || ēmakkōnō || ihōnō mālinna || ihōnō ēmāinna
|-
|-
! 2nd sg.
! 2nd sg.
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|-
|-
! 3rd sg.
! 3rd sg.
| mālkājā || ēmkkājā || ījā mālinna || ījā ēmainna  
| mālkājā || ēmakkājā || ījā mālinna || ījā ēmainna  
|-
|-
! 1st pl.
! 1st pl.
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|-
|-
! 1st sg.
! 1st sg.
| mālcal || ēmahcal || mālcihō || ēmahcihō || mālansel || ēmākansel || mālanšō || ēmākanšō
| mālcal || ēmahcal || mālcihō || ēmahcihō || mālansel || ēmānsel || mālanšō || ēmānšō
|-
|-
! 2nd sg.
! 2nd sg.
| mālcas || ēmahcas || mālcihē || ēmahcihē || mālanses || ēmākanses || mālanšē || ēmākanšē
| mālcas || ēmahcas || mālcihē || ēmahcihē || mālanses || ēmānses || mālanšē || ēmānšē
|-
|-
! 3rd sg.
! 3rd sg.
| mālcaju || ēmahcaju || mālciuhā || ēmahciuhā || mālaňšu || ēmākaňšu || mālanšā || ēmākanšā
| mālcaju || ēmahcaju || mālciuhā || ēmahciuhā || mālaňšu || ēmāňšu || mālanšā || ēmānšā
|-
|-
! 1st pl.
! 1st pl.
| mālcelka || ēmahcelka || mālcihōlka || ēmahcihōlka || mālansalke || ēmākansalke || mālanšōlke || ēmākanšōlke
| mālcelka || ēmahcelka || mālcihōlka || ēmahcihōlka || mālansalke || ēmāsalke || mālanšōlke || ēmānšōlke
|-
|-
! 2nd pl.
! 2nd pl.
| mālceska || ēmahceska || mālcihōska || ēmahcihōska || mālansaske || ēmākansaske || mālanšōske || ēmākanšōske
| mālceska || ēmahceska || mālcihōska || ēmahcihōska || mālansaske || ēmānsaske || mālanšōske || ēmānšōske
|-
|-
! 3rd pl.
! 3rd pl.
| mālčauka || ēmahčauka || mālcihōpā || ēmahcihōpā || mālaňšauke || ēmākaňšauke || mālanšōpā || ēmākanšōpā
| mālčauka || ēmahčauka || mālcihōpā || ēmahcihōpā || mālaňšauke || ēmāňšauke || mālanšōpā || ēmānšōpā
|-
|-
|}
|}
The conditional mood corresponds mostly to "would" or "should" or to the past subjunctive in English. The potential mood describes things that might possibly happen, though its probability is not certain, similarly to English "may/might", and it is always formed agglutinatively in compound verbs. The imperfect forms of these moods are used to indicate present or future events, while perfect is used in sentences with verbs in the past tense. Compound verbs form differently: ''āsēni šeiteviu, tāpahtēlki'' - "If the weather is fine, we will go for a walk", where ''šeiteviu'' is formed from the adjective ''šeiti'' "fine, clear" by adding a suffix ''-evi'' meaning "to may be".
The conditional mood corresponds mostly to "would" or "should" or to the past subjunctive in English. The potential mood describes things that might possibly happen, though its probability is not certain, similarly to English "may/might", and it is always formed agglutinatively in compound verbs. The imperfect forms of these moods are used to indicate present or future events, while perfect is used in sentences with verbs in the past tense. Compound verbs form differently: ''āsēni šeiteviu, tāpahtēlki'' - "If the weather is fine, we will go for a walk", where ''šeiteviu'' is formed from the adjective ''šeiti'' "fine, clear" by adding a suffix ''-evi'' meaning "to may be".
===Infinitives===
===Infinitives===
West Carpathian has ten infinitive forms, denoted with roman numerals or with typical verb endings.
West Carpathian has ten infinitive forms, denoted with roman numerals or with typical verb endings.
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These are conditional and potential infinitives and are short forms of conditional and potential clauses, for example ''pelcin'' - "if to sing (imperfect)" and ''pelcihēn'' - "if to have sung (perfect)". Endings ''-anset'' and ''-anšōn'' are used for infintive IX, but its usage is uncommon in modern day speech. But infinitive VIII is seldom used, like in ''āsēni hārācin, tolātelki dāva'' "weather permitting, we will be there in time. (''āsēni šeiteviu'' - "if the weather is fine" can also be used instead, but literally it would be translated as "weather may (or may not) be fine").
These are conditional and potential infinitives and are short forms of conditional and potential clauses, for example ''pelcin'' - "if to sing (imperfect)" and ''pelcihēn'' - "if to have sung (perfect)". Endings ''-anset'' and ''-anšōn'' are used for infintive IX, but its usage is uncommon in modern day speech. But infinitive VIII is seldom used, like in ''āsēni hārācin, tolātelki dāva'' "weather permitting, we will be there in time. (''āsēni šeiteviu'' - "if the weather is fine" can also be used instead, but literally it would be translated as "weather may (or may not) be fine").
====Infinitive X====
====Infinitive X====
The infintive X is obsolete in modern day speech and can often be found only in one verb ''jiedi'' "to know", the infinitive of which is ''jīnki'' and means "as far as it is known". Personal endings can be added to it (this feature developed later after the division of the Carpathian languages), the most commonly used ''jīngin'' "as far as I know" or ''jinginka'' "as far as we know".
The infintive X is obsolete in modern day speech and can often be found only in one verb ''jiedi'' "to know", the infinitive of which is ''jīnki'' and means "as far as it is known". Personal endings can be added to it (this feature developed later after the division of the Carpathian languages), the most commonly used ''jīngin'' "as far as I know" or ''jīnginka'' "as far as we know".
===Verb types===
There are ten inflection verb types. Every verb belongs to a certain type according to its verb stem. Nine types are regular, since verbs belonging to these types have predictable basic changes in conjugation. The following table shows some of these changes, which define the conjugation pattern (''vinsatuare''):
{| class="wikitable"
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | Type
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | Example
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | 1<sup>sg</sup> Pres.
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | 3<sup>sg</sup> Past
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | 2<sup>sg</sup> Imp.
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | Infinitive III
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | Infinitive V
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | Infinitive I
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | Translation
|-
| I-a
| māli
| mālel
| māluvā
| mālkē
| malmōn
| mālinna
| -i
| to talk
|-
| I-b
| kuoidi
| kuil
| kuoiduvā
| kuoikē
| kuimōn
| kuoinna
| -ji/-di
| to melt
|-
| I-c
| niähti
| nēllel
| niähtuvā
| nēlkē
| nēllemēn
| niähtinnä
| -hpi/-hti/-hci/-hki
| to give
|-
| I-d
| miänti
| miännel
| miäntuvā
| miänkē
| miännemēn
| miäntinnä
| -mpi/-nti/-nki/-sti
| to recall
|-
| II
| poadi
| paol
| poaduvā
| poadekē
| paomōn
| poadinna
| -ädi/-adi
| to fall
|-
| II-b
| pirki
| piril
| pirjivā
| pirjikē
| pirimēn
| pirkinnä
| -rki/-lki/-ski
| to remain
|-
| III
| kārui
| kārul
| kāruvā
| kārukē
| kārumōn
| kāruinna
| -ei/-ui
| to be green
|-
| IV
| ňiheškai
| ňiheššal
| ňiheškavā
| ňiheškakē
| ňiheššamōn
| ňiheškainna
| -kai
| to have fish
|-
| V
| varvekui
| varveul
| varvekuvā
| varvekukē
| varveumōn
| varvekuinna
| -kui
| to paint
|-
| VI
| rūhtei
| rūkkēl
| rūhtevā
| rūhtekē
| rūkkēmōn
| rūhteinna
| -tei
| to make clothes
|-
| VII
| soveähtei
| soveällel
| soveähtevā
| soveähtekē
| soveällemōn
| soveähteinna
| -ahtei
| to go skiing
|-
| VIII
| näissi
| näisel
| näissevā
| näiskē
| näisemēn
| näissinnä
| -ssi
| to be able to swim
|-
| IX
| pellekei
| pellekil
| pellekeivā
| pelleikkē
| pellekimōn
| pellekīnna
| -kei
| to want to sing
|-
| X
| terväi
| tervän
| terväjä
| tervē
| tervämēn
| terväinnä
| -äi/-ai
| to need
|}


[[Category:Carpathian languages]]
[[Category:Carpathian languages]]
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