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South Carpathian: Difference between revisions
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|fam1=[[Alpatho-Hirtic languages|Oronaic]] | |fam1=[[Alpatho-Hirtic languages|Oronaic]] | ||
|fam2=[[Carpathian languages|Carpathian]] | |||
|ancestor=[[Proto-Oronaic]] | |ancestor=[[Proto-Oronaic]] | ||
|ancestor2=Proto-Alpathian (?) | |ancestor2=Proto-Alpathian (?) | ||
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There are two dialects: Bistĕrca and Orodna-Lešu. The South Carpathian standard was based on the Bistĕrca dialect, but the distiction between them is small. The noticeable distinction is the /ʃ/ sound (written "š") in Orodna-Lešu replaced most of /s/, making the speech sound more hushing. A similar process happened in some Puohō dialects of East Carpathian. Also the weak grade of "nk" is zero both in the standard and Bistĕrca, but "g" in Orodna-Lešu, example: the plural form of ''pienkä'' "wind" is ''piejäg'' in Bistĕrca and ''piegäg'' in Orodna-Lešu. | There are two dialects: Bistĕrca and Orodna-Lešu. The South Carpathian standard was based on the Bistĕrca dialect, but the distiction between them is small. The noticeable distinction is the /ʃ/ sound (written "š") in Orodna-Lešu replaced most of /s/, making the speech sound more hushing. A similar process happened in some Puohō dialects of East Carpathian. Also the weak grade of "nk" is zero both in the standard and Bistĕrca, but "g" in Orodna-Lešu, example: the plural form of ''pienkä'' "wind" is ''piejäg'' in Bistĕrca and ''piegäg'' in Orodna-Lešu. | ||
==Writing system== | ==Writing system== | ||
Like other Carpathian languages, South carpathian employs the Latin script as the basis for its alphabet, plus the additions of ä, ö, ü, ă, ĕ, ĭ, š and č. The letters q, w, x and y are limited to proper names of foreign origin | Like other Carpathian languages, South carpathian employs the Latin script as the basis for its alphabet, plus the additions of ä, ö, ü, ă, ĕ, ĭ, š and č. The letters q, w, x and y are limited to proper names of foreign origin. Ö and ü are pronounced similarly to Hungarian or German, while ä is pronounced like "a" in English "cat". The letter ĭ represents a sound almost identical to the Bulgarian ъ /ɤ̞/. Sometimes "y" can be used instead for technical conveniences. Letters ĕ and ă represent reduced vowels [ɘ~ɜ] and [ə] respectively. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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The distinction between short and geminated consonants was lost, but a distinction between voiceless and voiced consonants is preserved, unlike in other Carpathian languages (Puohō Carpathian has an allophonic distinction in plosives only, where [b], [d], [g] are weak grades of [p], [t], [k]). Thus consonant gradation became only qualitative in South Carpathian. | The distinction between short and geminated consonants was lost, but a distinction between voiceless and voiced consonants is preserved, unlike in other Carpathian languages (Puohō Carpathian has an allophonic distinction in plosives only, where [b], [d], [g] are weak grades of [p], [t], [k]). Thus consonant gradation became only qualitative in South Carpathian. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
''Main article:'' [[South Carpathian grammar]] | |||
Typologically, South Carpathian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language. The canonical word order is SVO (subject–verb–object). | Typologically, South Carpathian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language. The canonical word order is SVO (subject–verb–object). | ||
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There are three types of adverbs in South Carpathian: type I contains adverbs that describe time (like ''nie'' "now", ''arĭ'' "finally", | There are three types of adverbs in South Carpathian: type I contains adverbs that describe time (like ''nie'' "now", ''arĭ'' "finally", | ||
''peke'' "always"), type II adverbs describe state ( ''positivis'' "positively", ''šeidis'' "fine") and type III adverbs describe manner of action (like ''rogošt'' "in this way", ''inešt'' "nicely"). Adverbs can belong to more than one type by adding a type marker: ''tě šeidis'' "it's fine", but ''tăkul šeidišt'' "I did it well". | ''peke'' "always"), type II adverbs describe state ( ''positivis'' "positively", ''šeidis'' "fine") and type III adverbs describe manner of action (like ''rogošt'' "in this way", ''inešt'' "nicely"). Adverbs can belong to more than one type by adding a type marker: ''tě šeidis'' "it's fine", but ''tăkul šeidišt'' "I did it well". | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
Although South Carpathian is not Indo-European, one can identify many similar words between it and Romanian, for example. This is primarily because the South Carpathian language has borrowed nearly one fourth of its vocabulary from Romanian. The amount of loanwords from Hungarian is also big, but a bit less, than Romanian loanwords. The percentage of Slavic loanwords can be estimated at 15-20 percent, which is comparable to other Carpathian languages. | Although South Carpathian is not Indo-European, one can identify many similar words between it and Romanian, for example. This is primarily because the South Carpathian language has borrowed nearly one fourth of its vocabulary from Romanian. The amount of loanwords from Hungarian is also big, but a bit less, than Romanian loanwords. The percentage of Slavic loanwords can be estimated at 15-20 percent, which is comparable to other Carpathian languages. | ||
[[Category:Carpathian languages]] [[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Carpathian languages]] [[Category:Languages]] | ||