8,585
edits
Chlouvānem/Syntax: Difference between revisions
m
→The subjunctive
| Line 251: | Line 251: | ||
===The subjunctive=== | ===The subjunctive=== | ||
Chlouvānem's subjunctive mood (''milkausire darišam'') has a variety of uses and is most commonly found when introduced by certain particles. It can also be used in a main clause, either on its own or with some specific particles. Examples of particles requiring the subjunctive are ''pa'' (concerning), ''ras'' (to avoid), or ''najelai'' (maybe): | Chlouvānem's subjunctive mood (''milkausire darišam'') has a variety of uses and is most commonly found when introduced by certain particles. It can also be used in a main clause, either on its own or with some specific particles. Examples of particles requiring the subjunctive are ''pa'' (concerning), ''ras'' (to avoid), or ''najelai'' (maybe): | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = læmibāgam ħildenu ālīce jālejildētte pa ukuliræ. | |||
| gloss = team.<small>DIR.SG</small>. game-<small>ACC.SG</small>. that_way. win-<small>SUBJ.PERF.3.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. about. say-<small>IND.PERF.3.REPORT.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. | |||
| translation = [They say] (s)he has/they have talked about how the team won the match. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = tammyu pądīte ras nanū halše kāvelīsa. | |||
| gloss = train-<small>ACC.SG</small>. miss-<small>SUBJ.IMPF.3.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. avoid. more. early. go.out-<small>IND.PERF.3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | |||
| translation = (S)he/they left earlier to avoid missing their train. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = najelai nanāt gu tṛlirī ša. | |||
| gloss = maybe. that.<small>EXESS</small>. <small>NEG</small>=know-<small>SUBJ.IMPF.3.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. | |||
| translation = Maybe (s)he/they don't know [about] it. | |||
}} | |||
When used on its own, it has a supine meaning (i.e. "in order to"): | When used on its own, it has a supine meaning (i.e. "in order to"): | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = māraih lgutētte luvāmom dāmek. | |||
| gloss = mango-<small>ACC.PL</small>. buy-<small>SUBJ.PERF.3.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. market-<small>DAT.SG</small>. walk-<small>MONODIR-IND.PAST.3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | |||
| translation = (S)he went/was going to the market to buy mangoes. | |||
}} | |||
Some verbs naturally require a subjunctive mood argument (typically in the imperfective aspect), like for example ''nīdhyuɂake'' (to call for): | Some verbs naturally require a subjunctive mood argument (typically in the imperfective aspect), like for example ''nīdhyuɂake'' (to call for): | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = karthāgo bīdrī nītedhyuɂek. | |||
| gloss = Carthage.<small>DIR</small>. destroy-<small>SUBJ.IMPF.3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. call_for-<small>IND.PAST.3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | |||
| translation = (S)he called for Carthage to be destroyed. | |||
}} | |||
For some verbs, notably ''lelke'', ''vāgdulke'' (both "to choose"), and ''mulke'' (√mun-, to know how to), the subjunctive is used when the argument is not an impersonal phrase; compare the following two examples: | For some verbs, notably ''lelke'', ''vāgdulke'' (both "to choose"), and ''mulke'' (√mun-, to know how to), the subjunctive is used when the argument is not an impersonal phrase; compare the following two examples: | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = nanā jilde mauṃsme. | |||
| gloss = that. perform-<small>INF</small>. be_able_to-<small>IND.PRES.1DU.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | |||
| translation = We (two) know how to do it. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = galtirī lalla kaulā nalrākulī elena. | |||
| gloss = synod-<small>GEN.SG</small>. next. assembly.<small>DIR.SG</small>. debate-<small>SUBJ.IMPF.3.EXTERIOR-LOC</small>. choose-<small>IND.PERF.3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | |||
| translation = It<small><sub>impers</sub></small> has been chosen to talk about it<small><sub>topic</sub></small> in the [[Verse:Chlouvānem_Inquisition#Democracy|next synodal assembly]]. (''lit.'' "for it to be talked about"). | |||
}} | |||
The subjunctive mood is also vital in forming conditional sentence; [[#Conditional sentences|see that section for more explanations.]] | The subjunctive mood is also vital in forming conditional sentence; [[#Conditional sentences|see that section for more explanations.]] | ||