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Chlouvānem/Syntax: Difference between revisions
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===Direct and vocative cases=== | ===Direct and vocative cases=== | ||
The direct case (''daradhūkire dirūnnevya'') is the most basic form of the Chlouvānem noun. It is most typically used for the "subject", i.e. whatever argument is selected as topic by the trigger on the verb. | The direct case (''daradhūkire dirūnnevya'') is the most basic form of the Chlouvānem noun. It is most typically used for the "subject", i.e. whatever argument is selected as topic by the trigger on the verb. | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = phēcam eṇē ānotē. | |||
| gloss = cat.<small>DIR.SG</small>. table-<small>LOC.SG</small>. lie_on-<small>IND.PRES.3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | |||
| translation = The cat is lying on the table. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = eṇāh phēcamap ānotērā. | |||
| gloss = table.<small>DIR.SG</small>. cat-<small>INSTR.SG</small>. lie_on-<small>IND.PRES.3SG.EXTERIOR-LOC</small>. | |||
| translation = It is the table a cat is lying on. | |||
}} | |||
Furthermore, direct case is required by copular verbs. The prototypical example is ''jalle'' (to be), usually omitted in the present tense, but other such verbs are ''birdake'' (to seem, look like) and ''snujve'' (to be worth, to cost). | Furthermore, direct case is required by copular verbs. The prototypical example is ''jalle'' (to be), usually omitted in the present tense, but other such verbs are ''birdake'' (to seem, look like) and ''snujve'' (to be worth, to cost). | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = nanā gūṇa vi. | |||
| gloss = that.<small>DIR</small>. bird.<small>DIR.SG</small>. be.<small>IND.PRES.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | |||
| translation = It is a bird. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = nanā gūṇa berdē. | |||
| gloss = that.<small>DIR</small>. bird.<small>DIR.SG</small>. seem-<small>IND.PRES.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | |||
| translation = It seems a bird. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = nunū nęlte yaltan snijē. | |||
| gloss = that.<small>MED.DIR</small>. four.<small>DIR</small>. yaltan.<small>DIR.SG</small>. be_worth-<small>IND.PRES.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | |||
| translation = It costs four yaltan. | |||
}} | |||
There are particles which require a noun in the direct case: ''ga'' (adpositive), ''nali'' (benefactive marker), ''pa'' (concerning, about), and ''ras'' (antibenefactive marker). | There are particles which require a noun in the direct case: ''ga'' (adpositive), ''nali'' (benefactive marker), ''pa'' (concerning, about), and ''ras'' (antibenefactive marker). | ||
The vocative case (''halausire dirūnnevya''), which is very often identical in form to the direct, is used for direct address: | The vocative case (''halausire dirūnnevya''), which is very often identical in form to the direct, is used for direct address: | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = lairei ūñjulā tatemišamai! | |||
| gloss = Lairē-<small>VOC</small>. there. look-<small>OPT.IMPF.2SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | |||
| translation = Lairē, look there [near you]! | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = mā phēcam yajulā vi? | |||
| gloss = mother.<small>VOC.SG</small>. cat.<small>DIR.SG</small>. where. be.<small>IND.PRES.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | |||
| translation = Mum, where's the cat? | |||
}} | |||
===Non-selected arguments=== | ===Non-selected arguments=== | ||