2,334
edits
Ruthenian: Difference between revisions
m
→Verbs
m (→Verbs) |
|||
| Line 585: | Line 585: | ||
#A difference between animate and inanimate adjectives is made in the accusative case. | #A difference between animate and inanimate adjectives is made in the accusative case. | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
All Ruthenian verbs conjugate for three persons in two numbers (singular and plural, the dual number is obsolete even in dialects; the subject in the dual number agrees with its verb in plural) and two simple tenses (present/future and past), with periphrastic forms for the iterative, future and conditional, imperative and present/past participles, distinguished by adjectival and adverbial usage. There are three voices, active, passive and middle. The middle voice, however, is rarely included separately from the active one. Unlike present, the past tense has to agree in both person and gender with the subject, for it was originally the periphrastic present perfect, formed together with the present of ''быти'' (modern: buty /bu.tɪ/) "to be". Some dialects, like Hucul has partially preserved the ancient aorist, that has been lost elsewhere, including the standard Ruthenian. Like in other Slavic languages, most verbs come in pairs, one is imperfective and the other is perfective, usually formed with a prefix. | All Ruthenian verbs conjugate for three persons in two numbers (singular and plural, the dual number is obsolete even in dialects; the subject in the dual number agrees with its verb in plural. However, some proverbs and phrases have verbs in dual number: ''Ked ne chczeta, to ne musyta'' "If you don't want to, you don't have to".) and two simple tenses (present/future and past), with periphrastic forms for the iterative, future and conditional, imperative and present/past participles, distinguished by adjectival and adverbial usage. There are three voices, active, passive and middle. The middle voice, however, is rarely included separately from the active one. Unlike present, the past tense has to agree in both person and gender with the subject, for it was originally the periphrastic present perfect, formed together with the present of ''быти'' (modern: buty /bu.tɪ/) "to be". Some dialects, like Hucul has partially preserved the ancient aorist, that has been lost elsewhere, including the standard Ruthenian. Like in other Slavic languages, most verbs come in pairs, one is imperfective and the other is perfective, usually formed with a prefix. | ||
====Verb types==== | ====Verb types==== | ||
Ruthenian verbs are divided into five categories. Classes I, II and III have stems ending in "-e", while the class IV has "-y(t)"-stems (the consonant "t" appears in the "-y(t)" ending when a next word begins with a vowel or it is the last word in the sentence). Class V consists of the athematic verbs and has different endings. | Ruthenian verbs are divided into five categories. Classes I, II and III have stems ending in "-e", while the class IV has "-y(t)"-stems (the consonant "t" appears in the "-y(t)" ending when a next word begins with a vowel or it is the last word in the sentence). Class V consists of the athematic verbs and has different endings. | ||