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Ruthenian: Difference between revisions
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#A difference between animate and inanimate adjectives is made in the accusative case. | #A difference between animate and inanimate adjectives is made in the accusative case. | ||
===Verbs=== | |||
All Ruthenian verbs conjugate for three persons in two numbers (singular and plural, the dual number is obsolete even in dialects; the subject in the dual number agrees with its verb in plural) and two simple tenses (present/future and past), with periphrastic forms for the iterative, future and conditional, imperative and present/past participles, distinguished by adjectival and adverbial usage. There are three voices, active, passive and middle. The middle voice, however, is rarely included separately from the active one. Unlike present, the past tense has to agree in both person and gender with the subject, for it was originally the periphrastic present perfect, formed together with the present of ''быти'' (modern: buty /bu.tɪ/) "to be". Some dialects, like Hucul has partially preserved the ancient aorist, that has been lost elsewhere, including the standard Ruthenian. Like in other Slavic languages, most verbs come in pairs, one is imperfective and the other is perfective, usually formed with a prefix. | |||
====Verb types==== | |||
Ruthenian verbs are divided into five categories. Classes I, II and III have stems ending in "-e", while the class IV has "-y(t)"-stems (the consonant "t" appears in the "-y(t)" ending when a next word begins with a vowel or it is the last word in the sentence). Class V consists of the athematic verbs and has different endings. | |||
{| align=center class="wikitable" | |||
|+ '''Verb Classes''' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2| Class !! rowspan=2| Subtype !! colspan=2| Examples !! rowspan=2| Translation | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|infinitive}} !! {{small|3<sup>rd</sup> person sg.}} | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=4| Class I | |||
| I<sup>a</sup> | |||
| nésty || nése || to carry | |||
|- | |||
| I<sup>b</sup> || pektý || peczé || to bake | |||
|- | |||
| I<sup>c</sup> || poczíty || poczné || to start | |||
|- | |||
| I<sup>d</sup> || bráty || bére || to take | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=4| Class II | |||
| II<sup>a</sup> | |||
| molóty || mèle || to mill | |||
|- | |||
| II<sup>b</sup> || śíjaty || śíje || to sow | |||
|- | |||
| II<sup>c</sup> || lýty || lýje || to pour | |||
|- | |||
| II<sup>d</sup> || ciluwáty || cilúje || to pour | |||
|- | |||
! Class III | |||
| — | |||
| stỳhty || stỳhne || to ripen | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2| Class IV | |||
| IV<sup>a</sup> | |||
| rádyty || rády(t) || to advise | |||
|- | |||
| IV<sup>b</sup> || letíty || léty(t) || to fly | |||
|- | |||
! Class V | |||
| — | |||
| mā́ty || mā́ || to have | |||
|} | |||
====Indicative==== | |||
The '''indicative mood''' is used to describe events, which are happening, have happened, or will happen. The indicative mood contains the present, past, future and iterative tenses. | |||
In Ruthenian, present indicative corresponds to English present simple for imperfective verbs and to future simple for perfective verbs. | |||
For classes I, II, and III the endings are: | |||
{| class="wikitable" align="center" | |||
|+ '''е stem endings''' | |||
! | |||
! singular | |||
! plural | |||
|- | |||
| '''First Person''' || -u || -emo | |||
|- | |||
| '''Second Person''' || -esz ||-ete | |||
|- | |||
| '''Third Person''' || -e || -ut | |||
|} | |||
For the class IV the endings are: | |||
{| class="wikitable" align="center" | |||
|+ '''y(t) stem endings''' | |||
! | |||
! singular | |||
! plural | |||
|- | |||
| '''First Person''' || -(j)u || -ymo | |||
|- | |||
| '''Second Person''' || -ysz ||-yte | |||
|- | |||
| '''Third Person''' || -y(t) || -(j)yt | |||
|} | |||
For the class V the endings are: | |||
{| class="wikitable" align="center" | |||
|+ '''athematic endings''' | |||
! | |||
! singular | |||
! plural | |||
|- | |||
| '''First Person''' || -m || -mo | |||
|- | |||
| '''Second Person''' || -sz ||-te | |||
|- | |||
| '''Third Person''' || -long vowel || -jut/-(j)yt | |||
|} | |||
The past tense in Ruthenian had originally been a past adjectival participle and derives from the perfect tense, that's why it preserves its original adjectival declension for gender as well as gained a verbal conjugation from the word ''*byti'' in present tense. The same change has occured in West Slavic languages. | |||
For all verb classes the endings are the same: | |||
{| class="wikitable" align="center" | |||
|+ '''past tense endings''' | |||
! Number | |||
! colspan=3| singular | |||
! rowspan=2| plural | |||
|- | |||
! Gender | |||
! {{small|masculine}} | |||
! {{small|feminine}} | |||
! {{small|neuter}} | |||
|- | |||
| '''First Person''' || -wym || -lam || — || -lysmo | |||
|- | |||
| '''Second Person''' || -wys ||-las || — || -lyste | |||
|- | |||
| '''Third Person''' || -w ||-la || -lo || -ly | |||
|} | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Slavic languages]] | [[Category:Slavic languages]] | ||