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Chlouvānem/Syntax: Difference between revisions
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The subjunctive mood is also vital in forming conditional sentence; [[#Conditional sentences|see that section for more explanations.]] | The subjunctive mood is also vital in forming conditional sentence; [[#Conditional sentences|see that section for more explanations.]] | ||
===The infinitive=== | |||
The infinitive (''emibąukire daradhūs'') is a non-finite mood which may also be used as a noun in the -eh declension. Often, the infinitive was more common in Classical Chlouvānem than in the modern standard, which replaced it in many instances with the subjunctive. Most times where a verb needs a subjunctive argument in the modern standard, Classical Chlouvānem allowed both possibilities; using the infinitive there today is a deliberate archaization of speech. | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = tṛlakedaudyute. | |||
| gloss = know-<small>INF</small>=want.<small>IND.PRES-1S.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | |||
| translation = I want to know/understand. | |||
}} | |||
(cf. usual way of expressing this, desiderative ''tatarlyiru'', and also the subjunctive phrase ''tṛlirati daudyute'' which is also heard, especially in the Northeast.) This applies to verbs such as ''daudike'' "to want" (more often desiderative ''junya'' or subj.), but also ''širgake'' "to be possible that", ''novake'' "to be able to" (both more often potential or subj.), ''rileike'' "to need" (more often subj., rarely necessitative<ref>The necessitative ''junya'' conveys a stronger obligation than ''rileike'', cf. English "must" vs. "have to".</ref>). | |||
As explained above in the section about the subjunctive, verbs such as ''lelke'', ''vāgdulke'' (both "to choose"), and ''mulke'' (√mun-, to know how to) often take a subjunctive argument, but if their argument is a simple verb + trigger structure (and very often the trigger is a pronoun or determiner, including adverbial ones), then the infinitive is used. | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = uñjulyom lulke elena. | |||
| gloss = thither.<small>MEDIAL</small> go.<small>UNIDIR-INF</small>. choose.<small>IND.PERF-3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | |||
| translation = It has been chosen to walk thither. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = guviṣlīce āndṛke maunē. | |||
| gloss = no_other_way. produce-<small>INF</small>. know_how_to.<small>IND.PRES-3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small> | |||
| translation = No other way of producing [that] is known. | |||
}} | |||
Such verbs, especially "to choose", may take up to two infinitive arguments, one of them negative. In this case, the ''ša'' part of the negative circumfix is omitted: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = uñjulyom lulke gu lįke elena. | |||
| gloss = thither.<small>MEDIAL</small> go.<small>UNIDIR-INF</small>. <small>NEG</small>. swim.<small>UNIDIR.INF</small>. choose.<small>IND.PERF-3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. | |||
| translation = It has been chosen to walk, not swim, thither. | |||
}} | |||
The infinitive can also be used as a noun, declining as ''-eh'' ones and getting a final ''-h'' in the direct case. Compared to derived ''-anah'' nouns, which denote a process, the nominalized infinitive is often more gnomic or perfective in meaning (''dhūlti baucanah'' makes sense, meaning "learning to write", while ''dholtani baucanah'' is grammatically correct but meaningless), but it can also be synonymous in some expressions (e.g. ''nenyai naviṣyi dholtanęs væse'' or ''nenyai naviṣyi dhūltęs væse'', both meaning "while writing this book" — if a distinction should be rendered in English, the first one would be translated "during the writing process of this book"). | |||
===Positional and motion verbs=== | ===Positional and motion verbs=== | ||