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Hadda: Difference between revisions
→Phonotactics
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III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue. | III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue. | ||
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'''Hadda''' (Native: ''ħaɗɗa'') is an a priori language inspired by various African languages. | '''Hadda''' (Native: ''ħaɗɗa'') is an a priori language inspired by various (mostly African) languages. | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --> | <!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --> | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
'''Note:''' There is no reason to include Greek and Cyrillic alphabets except my love of writing systems. | <!-- | ||
'''Note:''' There is no reason to include Greek and Cyrillic alphabets except my love of writing systems.--> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Allophones and loanword-exclusive phonemes are enclosed in brackets. | Allophones are enclosed in square brackets and loanword-exclusive phonemes are enclosed in round brackets. | ||
{| class="IPA wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="IPA wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|(q) | |(q) | ||
| | | | ||
| | |[ʔ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
!voiced | !voiced | ||
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|(θ) | |(θ) | ||
|s | |s | ||
| | |[ʃ] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |[hʷ] | ||
|(χ) | |(χ) | ||
|ħ | |ħ | ||
| | |[h] | ||
|- | |- | ||
!voiced | !voiced | ||
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! rowspan = "2"| Approximant/Flap | ! rowspan = "2"| Approximant/Flap | ||
!plain | !plain | ||
| | |[β̞] | ||
| | |[ð̞] | ||
| | |[ɾ] l | ||
|j | |j | ||
| | |[ɣ̞] | ||
|w | |w | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |[ɾˀ] | ||
| | |[ʔʲ] | ||
| | | | ||
| | |[ʔʷ] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
Stress is on the final long syllable in a word. A long syllable is one that contains a long vowel or | Stress is on the final long syllable in a word. A long syllable is one that contains a long vowel or a short vowel followed by two consonants. | ||
====Intonation==== | ====Intonation==== | ||
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Syllable structure is (C)V(C). | Syllable structure is (C)V(C). | ||
Vowels cannot occur in hiatus. | Vowels cannot occur in hiatus. A syllable with a long vowel cannot have a coda. | ||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
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====Number==== | ====Number==== | ||
Infixed before case vowel, | Infixed before case vowel, causing shortening of penultimate long vowels. | ||
*Paucal: ''-aan-'' | *Paucal: ''-aan-'' | ||
*Plural: ''-aaw-'' | *Plural: ''-aaw-'' | ||
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**Like present habitual, but with stem vowel changing to ''i'' - e.g. ''jiɓɓan'' "used to throw", ''millan'' "used to lead", ''ħiɍiɗɗan'' "used to become hadda" | **Like present habitual, but with stem vowel changing to ''i'' - e.g. ''jiɓɓan'' "used to throw", ''millan'' "used to lead", ''ħiɍiɗɗan'' "used to become hadda" | ||
*A future habitual can be formed by reduplicating the final consonant of the simple future - e.g. ''gwaɓɓan'' "will throw regularly", ''mollan'' "will lead regularly", ''ħoɍoɗɗan'' "will regularly become hadda". Normally, this would be formed with a ''gaaran'' construction - e.g. ''gaɓɓa gwaaran'' "will throw regularly" (literally: will say throwing regularly) | *A future habitual can be formed by reduplicating the final consonant of the simple future - e.g. ''gwaɓɓan'' "will throw regularly", ''mollan'' "will lead regularly", ''ħoɍoɗɗan'' "will regularly become hadda". Normally, this would be formed with a ''gaaran'' construction - e.g. ''gaɓɓa gwaaran'' "will throw regularly" (literally: will say throwing regularly) | ||
*The auxiliary verb '' | *The auxiliary verb ''gaara'' "to say" is ubiquitous in Hadda verbal morphology. Its functions include: | ||
**Forming compound tenses, which can either form new tenses or disambiguate existing forms - e.g. ''gaaⱳa gwaaran'' "will be throwing", ''gaaⱳa jiiran'' "was throwing" (equivalent to ''jiiⱳan''; might be used if another verb has the same past form), ''gwaaⱳa jiiran'' "was going to throw" | **Forming compound tenses, which can either form new tenses or disambiguate existing forms - e.g. ''gaaⱳa gwaaran'' "will be throwing", ''gaaⱳa jiiran'' "was throwing" (equivalent to ''jiiⱳan''; might be used if another verb has the same past form), ''gwaaⱳa jiiran'' "was going to throw" | ||
**Deriving verbs from nouns, interjections, loanwords, etc - e.g. ''ħiʔ gaaran'' "to hiccup" (literally: to say ''ħiʔ''), ''telefoona gaaran'' "to telephone" (literally: to say telephone). | **Deriving verbs from nouns, interjections, loanwords, etc - e.g. ''ħiʔ gaaran'' "to hiccup" (literally: to say ''ħiʔ''), ''telefoona gaaran'' "to telephone" (literally: to say telephone). | ||
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Other arguments: | Other arguments: | ||
*Replace final ''-u-'' of corresponding subject prefix with appropriate case ending - e.g. ''namiiran'' "was leading me", ''nammiiran'' "was leading towards me" | *Replace final ''-u-'' of corresponding subject prefix with appropriate case ending - e.g. ''namiiran'' "was leading me", ''nammiiran'' "was leading towards me" | ||
*There is an additional reflexive prefix: ''sa-'' (takes appropriate case endings) - e.g. ''nusamaaran'' "I am leading myself", ''fusammiiran'' "he/she was leading towards him/herself" (compare ''fufammiiran'' "he/she was leading towards him/her/it (someone else)") | |||
====Voice==== | ====Voice==== | ||
Indicated by prefixes attached to the verb stem. Unlike person prefixes, these do cause the initial consonant to lenite and lenite themselves when occurring after person or other voice prefixes. When multiple voice prefixes co-occur, the order is ''passive/reflexive/middle-inchoative/cessative-causative-inchoative/cessative-intensive'' (the position of the inchoative/cessative relative to the causative depends on if it means "started/stopped causing X" or "caused to start/stop X") - e.g. ''nutaslaʃiŋafahwaǥaⱳayiɓɓan'' (<small>1S.NOM.2S.INS.PAS.INCH.CAUS.3S.ABS.CESS.INTEN.</small>throw<small>.PST.HAB.IND</small>) "I started to be caused by you to stop habitually throwing it repeatedly". | Indicated by prefixes attached to the verb stem. Unlike person prefixes, these do cause the initial consonant to lenite and lenite themselves when occurring after person or other voice prefixes. When multiple voice prefixes co-occur, the order is ''passive/reflexive/middle-inchoative/cessative-causative-inchoative/cessative-intensive'' (the position of the inchoative/cessative relative to the causative depends on if it means "started/stopped causing X" or "caused to start/stop X") - e.g. ''nutaslaʃiŋafahwaǥaⱳayiɓɓan'' (<small>1S.NOM.2S.INS.PAS.INCH.CAUS.3S.ABS.CESS.INTEN.</small>throw<small>.PST.HAB.IND</small>) "I started to be caused by you to stop habitually throwing it repeatedly". | ||
*Passive: ''-la-'' e.g. ''laǥaɓɓan'' "is thrown" | *Passive: ''-la-'' e.g. ''laǥaɓɓan'' "is thrown" | ||
**Indicates that | **Indicates that an action is performed on the subject. The patient takes the nominative and the agent takes the instrumental. | ||
*Middle: ''-ma-'' e.g. ''maǥaɓɓan'' "gets thrown" | *Middle: ''-ma-'' e.g. ''maǥaɓɓan'' "gets thrown" | ||
**Indicates that an action affects the subject, without indicating the | **Indicates that an action affects the subject, without indicating the source of the action. | ||
*Intensive: Formed by reduplicating ''-Ca-'' or ''-CaCa-'' e.g. ''gaǥaaⱳan'', ''gaⱳaǥaaⱳan'' "is throwing repeatedly/intensely" | *Intensive: Formed by reduplicating ''-Ca-'' or ''-CaCa-'' e.g. ''gaǥaaⱳan'', ''gaⱳaǥaaⱳan'' "is throwing repeatedly/intensely" | ||
*Causative: ''-ŋa-'' e.g. ''ŋaǥaaⱳan'' "is causing to throw" | *Causative: ''-ŋa-'' e.g. ''ŋaǥaaⱳan'' "is causing to throw" | ||
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==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | ===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | ||
Yooƀu leraawiyu gweeme ni ɓaaŋwaŋ ciiɂaŋ-la biine fawumanaađan. Ħiiƀa moħħa-ra fawumaŋaaⱳa, ni giǥaawaŋ ɗaara fawudaŋŋan. | |||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||