Celabrian: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 32: Line 32:
! Palatal
! Palatal
! Velar
! Velar
! Uvular
! Glottal
! Glottal
|-
|-
Line 41: Line 42:
|''ň'' [ɲ]  
|''ň'' [ɲ]  
|''ŋ'' [ŋ]
|''ŋ'' [ŋ]
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 51: Line 53:
| ''ḱ'' [cʰ]
| ''ḱ'' [cʰ]
| ''k'' [kʰ]
| ''k'' [kʰ]
| ''q'' [ʔ]
| colspan="2"| ''q'' [q ~ ʔ]<small><sup>1</sup></small>
|-
|-
! voiced
! voiced
Line 60: Line 62:
| ''ǵ'' [ɟ]
| ''ǵ'' [ɟ]
| ''g'' [ɡ]
| ''g'' [ɡ]
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 69: Line 72:
| ''ḳ́'' [cʼ]
| ''ḳ́'' [cʼ]
| ''ḳ'' [kʼ]
| ''ḳ'' [kʼ]
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 79: Line 83:
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 88: Line 93:
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 97: Line 103:
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 106: Line 113:
| ''š'' [ʃ]
| ''š'' [ʃ]
| ''x́'' [ç]
| ''x́'' [ç]
| ''x'' [x]
|
|
| colspan="2" | ''x'' [χ ~ h]<small><sup>1</sup></small>
|-
|-
!  voiced
!  voiced
Line 114: Line 121:
| ''z'' [z]
| ''z'' [z]
| ''ž'' [ʒ]
| ''ž'' [ʒ]
| ''j'' [ʝ]
|
|
|
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ''h'' [ɦ ~ ʁ]<small><sup>1</sup></small>
| ''h'' [ɦ]
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Approximant
! rowspan="2" | Approximant
Line 124: Line 131:
|
|
| ''ř'' [ɻ]
| ''ř'' [ɻ]
| ''j'' [j]
|
|  
|  
|
|-
|-
! lateral
! lateral
Line 135: Line 141:
| ''ľ'' [ʎ]
| ''ľ'' [ʎ]
|  
|  
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 141: Line 148:
|
|
| ''ṙ'' [r]
| ''ṙ'' [r]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|  
|  
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Flap
! colspan="2" | Flap
Line 150: Line 158:
|
|
| ''r'' [ɾ]
| ''r'' [ɾ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|  
|  
|
|-
|}
 
'''Notes:'''
 
<small><sup>1</sup></small> The guttural consonants ''q, x'', and ''h'' can be pronounced uvular or glottal depending on environment. The allophones are summarized in the table below. When two pronunciations are given, both are allowed but the first is more common.
{|class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Phoneme !! rowspan="2" | Adjacent to consonant !! colspan="3" | Not adjacent to consonant
|-
! initial !! medial !! final
|-
! ''q''
| colspan="2" | q || colspan="2" | ʔ ~ q
|-
! ''x''
| χ || colspan="2" | χ ~ h || h ~ χ
|-
! ''h''
| ʁ || ɦ || ɦ ~ ʁ || ʁ
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 19:45, 14 November 2018

Celabrian (Celabrian: girṭeʒ [ˈɡiɾtʼɛd͡z]) is an Indo-European language.

Introduction

Etymology

The name Celabrian comes from the tribal name Celabri (Greek: Κελαβροί) < Proto-Celabrian *kelabʰras "warrior" (compare Modern Celabrian č̣łavr [t͡ʃʼɫavɾ]) < *kelas "spear" (< PIE *gʷelH- "to throw, pierce"; compare Modern Celabrian č̣ał [t͡ʃʼaɫ] "weapon") + *-bʰras "bearer" (< PIE *bʰer- "to bear, carry").

The endonym girṭeʒ comes from gir "Celabrian" (< PC *wīras "man" < PIE *wiHrós "man, warrior") + ṭeʒ "language" (< PC *tancūs "tongue" < PIE *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s). The formal language is known as bonṭeʒ [ˈbontʼɛd͡z], from bon "clear, eloquent" (< PC *bʰānas < PIE *bʰeh₂- "to shine; to speak"). The classical language is known as akrəṭeʒ [ˈakʰɾətʼɛd͡z] (Classical Celabrian: akʰra tanci [ˈakʰɾa ˈtant͡si]), from akr "precise, sharp" (< PC *akʰras "sharp" < PIE *h₂ḱrós). The colloquial language is known as łøðṭeʒ [ˈɫ̪œtʼːɛd͡z], from łøð "masses, common folk" (< PC *aleudʰis < PIE *h₁léwdʰis "people").

Phonology

Orthography

Consonant phonemes of Standard Celabrian
Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m [m] n [n] ň [ɲ] ŋ [ŋ]
Plosive voiceless p [pʰ] t [tʰ] ḱ [cʰ] k [kʰ] q [q ~ ʔ]1
voiced b [b] d [d] ǵ [ɟ] g [ɡ]
ejective ṗ [pʼ] ṭ [tʼ] ḳ́ [cʼ] ḳ [kʼ]
Affricate voiceless c [t͡sʰ] č [t͡ʃʰ]
voiced ʒ [d͡z] ǯ [d͡ʒ]
ejective c̣ [t͡sʼ] č̣ [t͡ʃʼ]
Fricative voiceless f [f] θ [θ] s [s] š [ʃ] x́ [ç] x [χ ~ h]1
voiced v [v] ð [ð] z [z] ž [ʒ] j [ʝ] h [ɦ ~ ʁ]1
Approximant central ř [ɻ]
lateral ł [ɫ̪] l [l] ľ [ʎ]
Trill ṙ [r]
Flap r [ɾ]

Notes:

1 The guttural consonants q, x, and h can be pronounced uvular or glottal depending on environment. The allophones are summarized in the table below. When two pronunciations are given, both are allowed but the first is more common.

Phoneme Adjacent to consonant Not adjacent to consonant
initial medial final
q q ʔ ~ q
x χ χ ~ h h ~ χ
h ʁ ɦ ɦ ~ ʁ ʁ

Vowels

Vowel phonemes of Standard Celabrian
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close i [i] y [y] u [u]
Mid e [ɛ] ø [œ] ə [ə] o [ɔ]
Open a [a]

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Historical phonology

Note:

PIE to Early Proto-Celabrian (PC)

*h1e > e
*a, *h2e > a
*(H)o, *h3e > a 
*ē, *eh1 > ē
*eh2 > ā
*ō, *oH, *eh3 > ō
*iH > ī
*uH > ū
*w, *y > Ø / in long diphthongs
*CHC > CaC
*HC- > aC- / #_
*r̥H > ra
*l̥H > la
*n̥H > na
*m̥H > ma
*r̥ > ri, ar
*l̥ > li, al
*m̥ > am
*n̥ > an
-m > -n / _#, _C (assimilates to place of articulation of following consonant)
labiovelar > plain velar
palatovelar > plain velar / _r, _l
*p; *t; *ḱ; *k > pʰ; tʰ; cʰ /t͡ʃʰ/; kʰ
*b; *d; *ǵ; *g > p; t; c /t͡ʃ/; k
*ǵʰ > *ʒʰ /d͡ʒʱ/ (other voiced aspirates preserved)
sbʰ; sdʰ; sʒʰ; sgʰ > spʰ; stʰ; scʰ; skʰ
*s > š / r_, u_, K_, i_ (ruki sound law)

Transcription differences (without sound change):
*y > j
*Vy > Vi
*Vu > Vu

Early PC to Late PC

ē > ī / _ns
ē > ā / otherwise
ei > ī
eje > ē
e > i / with i in following syllable
s, š > Ø / _n, _m (lengthen preceding vowel, even if intervening sonorant is present)
s > Ø / #_r, #_l
sr, šr > rr / non-initial
sl, šl > ll / non-initial

Morphology

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Nouns

Adjectives

Verbs

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Celabrian&oldid=135422"