Celabrian: Difference between revisions

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====Noun classes====
<!--
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Celabrian noun classes
|-
! colspan="3" | Class
! Absolutive !! Ergative !! Dative !! Genitive !! Ablative !! Locative !! Instrumental !! Comitative !! Adverbial
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1 !! colspan="2" | Singular
| vułk || vułk'''əq''' || vułk'''əd''' || vułk'''əš''' || vułk'''e''' || vułk'''a''' || vułk'''əm''' || vułk'''ək''' || vułk'''əs'''
|-
! colspan="2" | Plural
| vyľḱ || vyľḱ'''əq''' || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}-->
===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
===Verbs===
===Verbs===



Revision as of 23:51, 18 November 2018

Celabrian (Celabrian: girṭeʒ [ˈɡiɾtʼɛd͡z]) is an Indo-European language.

Introduction

Etymology

The name Celabrian comes from the tribal name Celabri (Greek: Κελαβροί) < Proto-Celabrian *kelabʰras "warrior" (compare Modern Celabrian č̣łavr [t͡ʃʼɫavɾ]) < *kelas "spear" (< PIE *gʷelH- "to throw, pierce"; compare Modern Celabrian č̣ał [t͡ʃʼaɫ] "weapon") + *-bʰras "bearer" (< PIE *bʰer- "to bear, carry").

The endonym girṭeʒ comes from gir "Celabrian" (< PC *wīras "man" < PIE *wiHrós "man, warrior") + ṭeʒ "language" (< PC *tancūs "tongue" < PIE *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s). The formal language is known as bonṭeʒ [ˈbontʼɛd͡z], from bon "clear, eloquent" (< PC *bʰānas < PIE *bʰeh₂- "to shine; to speak"). The classical language is known as akrəṭeʒ [ˈakʰɾətʼɛd͡z] (Classical Celabrian: akʰra tanci [ˈakʰɾa ˈtant͡si]), from akr "precise, sharp" (< PC *akʰras "sharp" < PIE *h₂ḱrós). The colloquial language is known as łøðṭeʒ [ˈɫ̪œtʼːɛd͡z], from łøð "masses, common folk" (< PC *aleudʰis < PIE *h₁léwdʰis "people").

Phonology

Orthography

Consonant phonemes of Standard Celabrian
Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m [m] n [n] ň [ɲ] ŋ [ŋ]
Plosive voiceless p [pʰ] t [tʰ] [cʰ] k [kʰ] q [q ~ ʔ]1
voiced b [b] d [d] ǵ [ɟ] g [ɡ]
ejective [pʼ] [tʼ] ḳ́ [cʼ] [kʼ]
Affricate voiceless c [t͡sʰ] č [t͡ʃʰ]
voiced ʒ [d͡z] ǯ [d͡ʒ]
ejective [t͡sʼ] č̣ [t͡ʃʼ]
Fricative voiceless f [f] θ [θ] s [s] š [ʃ] [ç] x [χ ~ h]1
voiced v [v] ð [ð] z [z] ž [ʒ] j [ʝ ~ j]2 h [ɦ ~ ʁ]1
Approximant central ř [ɻ]
lateral ł [ɫ̪] l [l] ľ [ʎ]
Trill [r]
Flap r [ɾ]

Notes:

1 The guttural consonants q, x, and h can be pronounced uvular or glottal depending on environment. The allophones are summarized in the table below. When two pronunciations are given, both are allowed but the first is more common.

Phoneme Adjacent to consonant Not adjacent to consonant
initial medial final
q q ʔ ~ q
x χ χ ~ h h ~ χ
h ʁ ɦ ɦ ~ ʁ ʁ

2 Pronounced [ʝ] syllable-initially and [j] otherwise.

Vowels

Vowel phonemes of Standard Celabrian
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close i [i] y [y] u [u]
Mid e [ɛ] ø [œ] ə [ə] o [ɔ]
Open a [a]

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Historical phonology

PIE to Early Proto-Celabrian (PC)

*h1e > e
*a, *h2e > a
*(H)o, *h3e > a 
*ē, *eh1 > ē
*eh2 > ā
*ō, *oH, *eh3 > ō
*iH > ī
*uH > ū
stress shifts (often to penultimate syllable/mora)
*w, *y > Ø / in long diphthongs
*CHC > CaC
*HC- > aC- / #_
*r̥H > ra
*l̥H > la
*n̥H > na
*m̥H > ma
*r̥ > ri, ar
*l̥ > li, al
*m̥ > am
*n̥ > an
-m > -n / _#, _C (assimilates to place of articulation of following consonant)
labiovelar > plain velar
palatovelar > plain velar / _r, _l, _n, _s
*p; *t; *ḱ; *k > pʰ; tʰ; cʰ /t͡sʰ/; kʰ
*b; *d; *ǵ; *g > p; t; c /t͡s/; k
*ǵʰ > *ʒʰ /d͡zʱ/ (other voiced aspirates preserved)
sbʰ; sdʰ; sʒʰ; sgʰ > spʰ; stʰ; scʰ; skʰ
*s > š / r_, u_, K_, i_ (ruki sound law)
Transcription differences without significant sound change:
*y > j
*Vy > Vi
*Vu > Vu

Early PC to Late PC

ē > ī / _ns
ē > ā / otherwise
 In some dialects, this takes place after the palatalization of velars, affecting some words that were reborrowed into the standard dialect.
ei, eje > ī
e > i / with i in following syllable
s, š > Ø / _n, _m (lengthen preceding vowel, even if intervening consonant is present)
s > Ø / #_r, #_l
sr, šr > rr / non-initial
sl, šl > ll / non-initial
velar stop (k, kʰ, gʰ) > palatal stop (ḱ, ḱʰ, ǵʰ) / before front vowels or j - at this stage, palatalization is allophonic

Late PC to Old Celabrian

ḱ; ḱʰ; ǵʰ > č /t͡ʃ/; čʰ /t͡ʃʰ/; ǯ /d͡ʒʱ/
stop consonant + tʰ > ttʰ
-s, -t > disappear / _#
s- > ž / #_
-s- > h / V_V
sT; sP; sC; sČ; sK > θ; f; s; š; x
Kš > ččʰ
Ps, Ts > ss
sw > xʷ
w > gʷ / #_, after sonorant
Pj > *Pš > šš (where P represents any labial stop)
Tj > ČČ
Cj > CC
Čj > ČČ
nj; lj; rj; sj > ň; ľ; ř; š / #_, C_
nj; lj; rj; sj > ňň; ľľ; řř; šš / V_V
mj > mň
Kn > ň-, -ňň-
Tn > nn
Pn > mn
j > ǵ / #_
bʰ; dʰ; ʒʰ; ǯʰ > b; d; ʒ; ǯ
gʰ > g / adjacent to nasal
gʰ > ɣ / otherwise
e > ja / before a, in non-final closed syllables
e > je / except when final, in diphthong, or immediately followed by nasal
ō > vø̄-, -ø̄-
ū > vȳ, -ȳ-
ai > jē-, -ē-
eu > jø̄, -ø̄-
au > vø̄, -ø̄-
o (from loanwords) > vo / #_
e > je / #_
ē > jē / #_
Transcription differences without significant sound change:
 w > ʷ / C_
 w > v / V_V
Old Celabrian phonology
Old Celabrian consonants
Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar/
Palatal
Velar Glottal
Nasal μ m [m] ν n [n] νι ň [ɲ] (γ n [ŋ])1
Plosive aspirated φ [pʰ] θ [tʰ] χ [kʰ]
tenuis π p [p] τ t [tʼ] κ, ϙ k [k]
voiced β b [b] δ d [d] γι ǵ [ɟ] (γ g [ɡ])2,
ϝ [ɡʷ]3
Affricate aspirated ξ [t͡sʰ] ξ čʰ [t͡ʃʰ]
tenuis ͳ c [t͡s] ͳ č [t͡ʃ]
voiced ζ ʒ [d͡z] ζ ǯ [d͡ʒ]
Fricative voiceless f [f] θ [θ] σ s [s] σ š [ʃ] x [x] c h [h]
voiced ρσ ž [ʒ] γ ɣ [ɣ]
Approximant λ l [l] ι j [j], λι ľ [ʎ] ϝ v [w]
Trill/Flap ρ r [r] ρι ř [rʲ]
Old Celabrian vowels
Front Back
Close ι i, ει ī [i, iː] υι ȳ [yː] ου u, ου ū [u, uː]
Mid ε e, η ē [e, eː] οι ø̄ [øː] ο o, ω ō [o, oː]
Open α a, α ā [a, aː]

Notes:

1 Allophone of n before nasals.

2 Allophone of ɣ adjacent to nasals.

3 All consonants can be labialized, but only is treated as an independent phoneme.

Old Celabrian to Classical Celabrian

cʰ; ʒ; čʰ > s; z; š / except after n, l
ž, ř > ř /ɹ/
ā > ō / except in final syllable
Unstressed final syllable vowels (does not affect monosyllabic words):
 short vowel > disappears / when not followed by consonant
 ā > a
 ī, ē, ø̄, ȳ > i
Stressed final syllable vowels (including in monosyllabic words):
 ȳ; ø̄ > ī; ē

Classical Celabrian to Standard Modern Celabrian

a > ə / before nasal in closed syllable
final unstressed -a > -ə
long vowel > short
a; ə; o; u > e; e; ø; y / when followed by /i/ in following syllable
velar > palatal / before front vowel
Cʷ > C
v > disappears / after rounded vowel in unstressed syllables
final unstressed -i > disappears
b; d; ǯ; g > v; ð; ž; ɣ / V_V
mb; nd; nʒ; nǯ; ŋg > m; n; n; ň; ŋ
mp; nt; nc; nč; ŋk > b; d; ʒ; ǯ; g
p; t; c; č; k > ṗ; ṭ; c̣; č̣; ḳ / #_
p; t; c; č; k > b; d; ʒ; ǯ; q / V_
h, x > x /χ ~ h/
r > ṙ /r/ / when initial or geminated
r > r /ɾ/ / otherwise
l > ł /ɫ/ / between vowels
ɣ > disappears / before sonorant
mn > m
mň > ň
geminate consonant > single consonant
Tr > Č
Kl, Tl > Ḱ
pre-tonic vowel loss whenever possible, otherwise generally > ə (but sometimes preserved)
 Forms consonant clusters that are resolved as follows:
  nasal + obstruent > nasal assimilates to place of articulation of obstruent
  obstruent clusters assimilate to voicing of final obstruent
  ṙ > r / in clusters
  N + r/ř/l/ł > stop homorganic to nasal is inserted (but ň + r > ndr; n/ň + l > ŋgl; n/ň + ł > ŋgł)
  N + ľ > ňǵ
  s + r/ř/l/ł > str/stř/skl/skł
  š + r/ř/l/ł > štr/štř/škl/škł
  z/ž + r/ř > epenthetic -d- inserted
  affricate + stop > affricate becomes corresponding appropriately voiced fricative
  ř + consonant > ř becomes post-alveolar fricative
  T + s/z > c/ʒ
  Č + s/z > č/ǯ
  etc
Transcription differences without significant sound change:
 ɣ > h /ɦ ~ ʁ/
 Cʰ > C

Morphology

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Celabrian personal pronouns
Person and number Absolutive Emphatic Ergative Dative Genitive Ablative Locative Instrumental Adverbial Vocative
1st Singular am mom anʒ miz mjen
Plural ne
2nd Singular Informal ti
Formal
Plural ǵi
3rd Singular Common
Neuter
Plural Common
Neuter

Nouns

Cases

Number

Noun classes

Adjectives

Verbs

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources