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: ''Main article: [[Chlouvānem/Phonology|Chlouvānem phonology]]''
: ''Main article: [[Chlouvānem/Phonology|Chlouvānem phonology]]''


Chlouvānem is phonologically very conservative from Proto-Lahob as it has not had a lot of changes - however, those few it had have had the effect of strongly raising the total number of phonemes, developing a few distinctions that, while not rare themselves, are rarely found all together in the same language.
Chlouvānem is phonologically very conservative from Proto-Lahob as it has not had a lot of changes - however, those few it had have had the effect of strongly raising the total number of phonemes, developing a few distinctions that, while not rare themselves, are rarely found all together in the same language. Chlouvānem has a large inventory in both consonants and vowels, and a fair amount of active morphophonemic saṃdhi processes.<!-- ===Phonological history===
 
===Consonants - Hīmbeyāṃsai===
Chlouvānem has a large consonant inventory, with 39 different consonants, divided into seven categories: labials, dentals, palatalized dentals, retroflexes, palatals, velars, and laryngeals. The Chlouvānem term for "consonant" is ''hīmbeyāṃsa'', a compound of ''hīmba'' (colour) and ''yāṃsa'' (sound). The following table organizes consonants by their behaviour - thus, for example, the treatment of the phonetic affricates /c͡ɕ(ʰ) ɟ͡ʑ(ʱ)/ as stops.
{| class="redtable lightredbg" align="center" style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan=2 | → PoA <br/> ↓ Manner !! Labials<br/><small>''hærṣoke''</small> !! Dentals<br/><small>''aṣṭrūke''</small> !! Retroflexes<br/><small>''āḍhyāsūke''</small> !! Palatals<br/><small>''dehāṃlūdvūke''</small> !! Velars<br/><small>''bhyodilūdvūke''</small> !! Laryngeals<br/><small>''diṇḍhūke''</small>
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasals<sup><small>1</small></sup><br/><small>''mantaiyai''</small>
| '''''m''''' m || '''''n''''' n<sup><small>2</small></sup> || '''''ṇ''''' ɳ || '''''ñ''''' ɲ || ''l'' [ŋ～ɴ]<sup><small>3</small></sup> || '''''ṃ''''' ɴ<sup><small>4</small></sup>
|-
! rowspan=2 | Stops<br/><small>''aspṛšē''</small> !! <small>Unvoiced<br/>''uṣmąlkai''</small>
| '''''p''''' p<br/>'''''ph''''' pʰ || '''''t''''' t̪<br/>'''''th''''' t̪ʰ || '''''ṭ''''' ʈ<br/>'''''ṭh''''' ʈʰ || '''''c''''' c͡ɕ<br/>'''''ch''''' c͡ɕʰ || '''''k''''' k～q<br/>'''''kh''''' kʰ～qʰ || '''''ɂ''''' ʔ<br/>'''''ƾ''''' ʡ<sup><small>5</small></sup>
|-
! <small>Voiced<br/>''lāmąlkai''</small>
| '''''b''''' b<br/>'''''bh''''' bʱ || '''''d''''' d̪<br/>'''''dh''''' d̪ʱ || '''''ḍ''''' ɖ<br/>'''''ḍh''''' ɖʱ || '''''j''''' ɟ͡ʑ<br/>'''''jh''''' ɟ͡ʑʱ || '''''g''''' ɡ～ɢ<br/>'''''gh''''' ɡʱ～ɢʱ ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Fricatives<br/><small>''kāvubuñjñē''</small>
| || '''''s''''' s || '''''ṣ''''' ʂ || '''''š''''' ɕ ||  || '''''h''''' ɦ<br/>'''''ħ''''' ħ<sup><small>6</small></sup>
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximants<br/><small>''taberdīyai''</small>
| '''''v''''' ʋ<sup><small>7</small></sup> || || || '''''y''''' j ||  || '''''r''''' ʀ<sup><small>8</small></sup><br/>'''''l''''' ɴ̆<small><sup>9</sup></small>
|}
Table notes:
# All nasals except /ɴ/ may be said to be a single phoneme /N/ when preceding another consonant (except /j/), as they assimilate to the following consonant's PoA.
# Realized as [ŋ] word-finally after high monophthongs (/i iː i̤ u uː ṳ/) and as vowel nasalization after the others, including diphthongs.
# The realization of the sequences orthographically marked as '''lk lkh lg lgh''' varies regionally and, therefore, the '''l'''-phoneme can in these contexts be realized as either [ŋ] or [ɴ]. In most local Chlouvānem pronunciations, these sequences are [ŋk(ʰ) ŋɡ(ʱ)] but, in areas including notably Līlasuṃghāṇa, most of the southern Jade Coast, and the South, they are [ɴq(ʰ) ɴɢ(ʱ)].
# /ɴ/ contrasts with other nasals only before non-labial voiced stops, where it is realized as nasalization of the preceding vowel.
# Traditionally treated as the aspirate version of /Ɂ/, despite varying behaviour (e.g. in reduplication)
# /ɦ/ and /ħ/ do not contrast word-finally, and word-final '''h''' represents /ħ/. In the Chlouvānem script, word-final '''h''' is actually a different glyph, even if considered a variant of normal, /ɦ/-representing, '''h'''.
# /ʋ/ may be realized as [f] before voiceless consonants; this is <small>NOT</small> reflected orthographically.
# /ʀ/ is often realized as [ʁ] after consonants, especially after coronal stops, and as [ɽ] or [ɻ] adjacent to retroflex consonants. In coda it is usually vocalized to [ɐ̯], except when before a retroflex consonant.
# /ɴ̆/ is the conventional representation for this sound, which may also be transcribed as a prenasalized uvular [ᴺɢ̆] or epiglottal [ᴺʡ̆] flap.
 
Another classification of consonants is by active point of articulation. There are five such points for Chlouvānem consonants:
* ''diṇḍha'' "larynx, throat" — all laryngeal consonants
* ''jeltālǣca'' "tongue root" — all velar consonants
* ''jeltārašan'' "tongue surface" — all palatal and palatalized consonants plus /s/ and /n/, i.e. laminal consonants
* ''jeltāthiḍa'' "tongue tip" — dental stops and retroflex consonants, i.e. apical consonants (retroflex ones are actually subapical)
* ''šuhærṣūlaukas'' "lower lip" — all labial consonants
 
Some allophonic variations not proper of standard Chlouvānem but widespread in many areas:<br/>
/j/ and /ʋ/ are often deleted before /i iː i̤/ or /u uː ṳ/ respectively, e.g. in ''yinām'' /jinaːm/ [inaːm] (protection, refuge) or ''vurāṇa'' /ʋuʀaːɳa/ [uʀaːɳa] (a kind of small-sized reptile)<ref>Many pronunciations, including the common Līlasuṃghāṇi and Galiākñi ones, keep /ʋ/ word-initially in words like ''vurāṇa''. It does however fall in other widespread pronunciations like in most of the Far East, including Cami, as well as parts of the Jade Coast like in Līlta and Ilēnimarta.</ref>. This also leads to phonetic hiatuses, like in ''Kāyīchah'' /kaːjiːc͡ɕʰaħ/ [kaːiːc͡ɕʰaħ] (an insular diocese between Mārṣūtram and Vedren) or the common given name ''Martayinām'' /maʀtajinaːm/ [maɐ̯ta.inaːm].
 
The area around Lūlunīkam Lake, including both Līlasuṃghāṇa and Ilēnimarta (except gerontolectally) is also known for shifting /g/ to semivowels in coda position - the aforementioned diocese of Lågnemba is pronounced as [ɴ̆ɔʊ̯nẽ(m)ba] there; the country of Ênêk-Bazá (''enægbasā'' in Chl.) is [enɛɪ̯basaː].
 
/ɴ̆/'s realization is usually uniform across the Chlouvānem-speaking world. However, in the Near and Southern Far East, it is often denasalized to [ɢ̆] after stops. The occurrence of this process varies even for a single speaker, but it's more common in the area around Līlikanāna.
 
===Vowels - Camiyāṃsai===
The vowel inventory of Chlouvānem is fairly large too, consisting of 24 phonemes: 15 monophthongs, 7 diphthongs, and 2 syllabic consonants.<br/>
Phonetically, there are also nasal vowels, but they are phonemically /Vɴ/ or (word-finally) /Vn/ sequences. On the contrary, breathy-voiced vowels may phonetically surface as [Vh] or [Vχ] in some contexts (most notably before stops) in some pronunciations — e.g. ''tąkis'' /tɑ̤kis/ (a kind of herb) pronounced in Cami as [taxkʲis].
 
The term for vowel is ''camiyāṃsa'', from ''cami'' (great, large, important) and ''yāṃsa'' (sound), as these sounds are necessary in building syllables.
 
{| class="redtable lightredbg" align="center" style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan=2 | → Backness <br/> ↓ Height !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! rowspan=2 | High !! <small>Oral</small>
| '''''i''''' i<br/>'''''ī''''' iː || || '''''u''''' u<br/>'''''ū''''' uː
|-
! <small>Br.-voiced</small>
| '''''į''''' i̤ || || '''''ų''''' ṳ
|-
! rowspan=2 | High-mid !! <small>Oral</small>
| '''''e''''' e<br/>'''''ē''''' eː || ||
|-
! <small>Br.-voiced</small>
| '''''ę''''' e̤ || ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Low-mid
| '''''æ''''' ɛ<br/>'''''ǣ''''' ɛː || || '''''o-å'''''<sup><small>1</small></sup> ɔ
|-
! rowspan=2 | Low !! <small>Oral</small>
| || '''''a''''' ä<sup><small>2</small></sup><br/>'''''ā''''' äː<sup><small>2</small></sup> ||
|-
! <small>Br.-voiced</small>
| || || '''''ą''''' ɑ̤
|-
! rowspan=2 | Diphthongs !! <small>Oral</small>
| '''''ai''''' aɪ̯<br/>'''''ei''''' eɪ̯ || '''''oe''''' ɔə̯ || '''''au''''' aʊ̯
|-
! <small>Br.-voiced</small>
| '''''ąi''''' a̤ɪ̯<br/>'''''ęi''''' e̤ɪ̯ || || '''''ąu''''' a̤ʊ̯
|-
! colspan=2 |  Syllabic consonants
| colspan=3 | '''''ṛ''''' ʀ̩<br/>'''''ṝ''''' ʀ̩ː 
|}
Table notes:
# In modern Chlouvānem, the distinction between '''o''' and '''å''' is purely orthographical.
# Chlouvānem '''a''' is a central vowel and is better transcribed as [ä]. However, for simplicity's sake, it will always be transcribed, phonemically and phonetically, as /a/ [a] hereafter.
 
Chlouvānem vowels have very little allophony, always having values pretty close to their IPA representations' usual positions in the vowel trapeze. As Chlouvānem (and most of its descendants, which are the true native languages for the majority of Chlouvānem speakers) is a syllable-timed language, and stressed and unstressed syllables are barely (if at all) distinguished, unstressed vowel reduction is basically nonexistent.<br/>The most notable instances of vowel allophony are:
* /ɛ ɛː/ lower to [æ æː] before /ʀ/ - e.g. ''kauchlærīn'' [kaʊ̯c͡ɕʰɴ̆æʀiːŋ] "professor";
* /ɔ/ is realized as a mid or, for some speakers, high-mid vowel ([o̞] or even [o]) when preceding any of '''l r c ch j jh''' - e.g. ''jålkha'' [ɟ͡ʑo̞ɴ̆qʰa～ɟ͡ʑo̞ɴ̆kʰa] "cold". It is also realized as [oː] (high-mid and long) word-finally. This is, however, rare, mostly only found in borrowings or Eastern toponyms - e.g. ''Paramito'' [paʀamitoː] (a city in the Far East).
* /aɪ̯/ is often pronounced as [æɪ̯] in large parts of the Chlouvānem world, notably virtually all of the North, Northeast, East, and Far East, and large parts of the Near East, but not in most of the Plain or in the Jade Coast. Word-final, unstressed /aɪ̯/, which quite often is a plural marker, is merged with /ɛ/ in many areas of the Southern Far East.
 
The variants of Chlouvānem spoken by the Chlouvānem minorities in Kŭyŭgwažtov, Soenjŏ-tave, and other countries of the former Kaiṣamā have acquired, through language contact, the front rounded vowels /y ø/ - they are present in loans from the majority languages of those areas (cf. in Kŭyŭgwaž Chlouvānem ''köndegura'' /køndeguʀa/ "mountain road", ''nüvka'' /nyʋka/ (a typical dish) < Kŭy. ''köndŭgŭr'', ''nüvŭk''; the latter is known as ''nivka'' /niʋka/ in the Inquisition), as well as in peculiar sound changes from the standard pronunciation.
 
===Phonological history===
Chlouvānem is, phonologically, very conservative when compared to Proto-Lahob, even if there is a reconstruction bias due to the fact that Chlouvānem was attested more than 2000 years earlier than all other Lahob languages of other branches.
Chlouvānem is, phonologically, very conservative when compared to Proto-Lahob, even if there is a reconstruction bias due to the fact that Chlouvānem was attested more than 2000 years earlier than all other Lahob languages of other branches.


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Words with unpredictable stress often have regional variations. For example, ''tandayena'' "spring (season)" is stressed as [tandaˈjena] in most of the East and Northeast but as regular [tanˈdajena] almost anywhere else (in this particular case, the irregular stress is actually closer to the etymology, as it is a borrowing from a Toyubeshian compound word).
Words with unpredictable stress often have regional variations. For example, ''tandayena'' "spring (season)" is stressed as [tandaˈjena] in most of the East and Northeast but as regular [tanˈdajena] almost anywhere else (in this particular case, the irregular stress is actually closer to the etymology, as it is a borrowing from a Toyubeshian compound word).


====Intonation====
====Intonation====-->
 
===Phonotactics===
The maximum possible syllable structure is <sup>｢</sup>[((C1)C2)C3]<sub>｣</sub>(j)V<sup>｢</sup>(C4(C5))<sub>｣</sub>.
 
The nucleus is formed by '''V''' - which can be any vowel, diphthong, or syllabic consonant - and an optional preceding /j/.<br/>
The onset may contain up to three consonants: '''C3''' is notated differently because phonetically there always is one, as phonemically vowel-initial syllables are always pronounced with a preceding [ʔ]. Any consonant bar /N/ can appear in this position; '''C2''' can be any other consonant except aspirated or breathy-voiced stops (with a single exception) or /ʔ/, but, if C3 is a stop, no stop can be in this position. If C3 is /ɴ̆/ , then C2 may be /c͡ɕʰ/. C1 may be a sibilant, /ʋ/, or a nasal agreeing in PoA with the following consonant. Note that '''ss-''', '''vv-''', and '''ll-''' are all valid onsets under these rules.
 
In codas, '''C4''' may be may be any consonant except /ʔ c͡ɕ ɟ͡ʑ/ or all aspirated or breathy-voiced stops. '''C5''' may be /n m s/, or also one of /t d k g/ if C4 is one of /ɴ̆ ʀ/.
 
In absolute word-final position, only C4 is possible, and the only possible consonants are /m n p t ʈ k s ħ ʡ ɴ̆/. Interjections are an exception, as some other consonants are found there, e.g. ''hār!'' "ouch!" [ɦaːɐ̯] /ɦaːʀ/.
 
===Morphophonology===
====Vowel alternations====
=====Ablaut=====
Chlouvānem morphology uses a system of ablaut alternations in its vowels, most notably for some verbs, for the ablauting declension of nouns (5h), and for many derivations. Every normal ablaut pattern has a base grade (the one given in citation forms), a middle grade, and a strong grade.<br/>
The patterns of regular ablaut are the following:
* ''i-ablaut'': base '''i''' or '''ī''' — middle '''e''' — strong '''ai'''
* ''u-ablaut'': '''u'''/'''ū''' — '''o''' ('''ą''') — '''au'''
** ''u>i-ablaut'': '''u'''/'''ū''' — '''i''' — '''au'''
* ''ṛ-ablaut'': '''ṛ''' — '''ar''' — '''ār'''
 
A few roots have the so-called ''inverse ablaut'', where the vowels get simplified in the middle grade, and there is no strong grade:
* ''i-type inverse ablaut'': base '''ya''' (or '''ьa''') — middle '''i'''
** ''ei-type inverse ablaut'': base '''ei''' — middle '''i'''
* ''u-type inverse ablaut'': base '''va''' — middle '''u'''
 
=====Lengthening=====
Lengthening alternations, which originate in Proto-Lahob, substitute a vowel with its lengthened form. There are many apparently irregular cases, due to the huge vowel shifts that happened between Proto-Lahob (PLB) and Chlouvānem. Note that PLB *î represents /ɨ/ or /ɨ̯/.<br/>Lengthening as a type of vowel alternation is the so-called ''diachronic lengthening'', as the results are largely determined by what those vowels were in PLB:
* '''a''' → '''ā'''
** '''a''' → '''ū''' (PLB *o → *ō)
* '''i''' → '''ī'''
** '''i''' → '''æ''' (PLB *ej → *ēj)
** '''i''' → '''au''' (PLB *aî → *āî)
* '''u''' → '''ū'''
* '''e''' → '''ya''' (PLB *e → *ē)
** '''e''' → '''ai''' (PLB *aj → *āj)
* '''o''' → '''au''' (PLB *aw → *āw)
** '''o''' → '''ei''' (PLB *ow → *ōw)
* '''æ''' → '''yau''' (PLB *ew → *ēw)
* '''oe''' → '''ai''' (PLB *oj → *ōj)
* '''ṛ''' → '''ar'''
 
Another, different type of lengthening, is ''synchronic lengthening'', which is a saṃdhi change; it only applies to '''a''', '''i''', '''u''', '''ṛ''', '''æ''', and '''e''', turning them into '''ā''', '''ī''', '''ū''', '''ṝ''', '''ǣ''', and '''ē''' respectively.
 
=====Vowel saṃdhi=====
Vowel saṃdhi in Chlouvānem is often fairly logical, though sometimes the results are influenced by Proto-Lahob phonology.<br/>
Similar vowels (thus /a i e u ʀ̩/ only diverging in quantity or phonation) merge in these ways:
* short + short = long (e.g. ''a'' + ''a'' → ''ā'')
* long + short = long (and viceversa) (e.g. ''ā'' + ''a'' → ''a'')
* oral + breathy-voiced = breathy-voiced (''a'' + ''ą'' → ''ą'')
* breathy-voiced + oral = /VɦV/, written with the breathy-voiced character followed by the oral one (e.g. ''ą'' + ''a'' → ''ąa'')
The only exception to this pattern is the sequence '''ē''' + '''e''' which becomes '''ege'''.
 
Dissimilar vowels merge in these ways. '''ṛ''' and '''ṝ''' become semivowels wherever needed, and '''i''' and '''u''' become '''y''' and '''v''' before other vowels; '''ī''' and '''ū''' turn to ''iy'' and ''uv'' respectively.<br/>Other changes are:
* '''e''' and '''o''' always continue PLB *aj and *aw regardless of etymology, so when followed by vowels the results are ''ayV'' and ''avV'' respectively. Similarly, with '''ai''' and '''au''' the results are ''āyV'' and ''āvV'';
* '''æ''' and '''ǣ''' both become '''ev''' and '''oe''' becomes '''en''' when followed by another vowel;
* All other ones simply turn their second element into the corresponding semivowel (e.g. '''ei''' → '''ey''').
* '''a''': ''a-i'' → '''e''' ; ''a-u'' → '''o''' ; ''a-e'' → '''ai''' ; ''a-o'' → '''au'''
* '''ā''': ''ā-i'' and ''ā-e'' → '''ai''' ; ''ā-u'' and ''ā-o'' → '''au'''
* '''a''' or '''ā''' and a following long vowel (or '''æ''' or '''å''') get an epenthetic '''y''' (before ''ī'', ''ē'', ''æ'') or '''v''' (before ''ū'', ''å'').
* When preceded by ''a'', other diphthongs get a prothetic ''y'' if their first element is front and a prothetic ''v'' if it is back. '''æ''' turns to '''ya'''.
 
For verbs with root-initial ''ṛ-'', the result depends on the preceding vowel: ''u-ṛ-'' (and ''o-ṛ-'' and ''au-ṛ-'') becomes ''(∅/a/ā)vṛ-'', while with all other vowels it is ''ṛ'' (or ''ṝ'') that becomes a semivowel, cf. ''švṛṣme'' "to believe" (šu-ṛsme), ''šuterṣmau'' "I believed" (šu-te-ṛṣmau).
 
Vowel saṃdhi in vowel-ending verbal roots has a few extra rules — see [[Chlouvānem/Morphology#Vocalic_stems|Chlouvānem morphology § Verbs § Vocalic stems]].
 
====Consonant alternations====
=====Palatalization=====
Some morphemes beginning in /j/ - especially vowels as the result of diachronic lengthening - may change the preceding consonant by assimilating the /j/ in the following ways:
* Alveolars and velars shift to palatals (e.g. ''k'' + ''y'' or ''t'' + ''y'' → ''c'');
* ''h'' + ''y'' → ''š'';
* '''ɂ''' and '''ƾ''' remain unchanged;
* All other consonants get a /j/ glide (written '''y''').
 
=====Internal saṃdhi=====
''Note:'' for simplicity, '''ь''' will be treated as a stand-alone consonant in all the following examples.
 
Saṃdhi assimilations are fairly straightforward, and usually it’s the second consonant in a row the one that matters. The most basic rules are:
* Nasals assimilate to the PoA of any following consonant except for '''y''' (no assimilation occurs) and '''s''' (all become '''ṃ''', phonetically realized as vowel nasalization).
* All stops assimilate in voicing to a following stop; if the first one is aspirated, then aspiration shifts to the second one. Dentals also assimilate to adjacent (preceding or following) retroflexes.
 
In stop saṃdhi, a few further changes apart from basic voicing and retroflex assimilation occur. Note that any such combination also applies to aspirated stops. In voiceless stops:
 
-'''pṭ'''- → -'''ṭṭ'''- ; -'''pc'''- → -'''ṃc'''-<br/>
-'''tc'''- → -'''cc'''- ; -'''tk'''- → -'''kt'''-<br/>
-'''ṭp'''- → -'''ṭṭ'''- ; -'''ṭc'''- → -'''cc'''- ; -'''ṭk'''- → -'''kṭ'''-<br/>
-'''cp'''- → -'''cc'''- ; -'''ct'''- → -'''kt'''- ; -'''cṭ'''- → -'''ṣṭ'''- ; -'''ck'''- → -'''šk'''-<br/>
-'''kp'''- → -'''pp'''- ; -'''kc'''- → -'''cc'''-<br/>
Doubled stops and the combinations -'''tp'''-, -'''pt'''-, -'''pk'''- , -'''kt'''-, and -'''kṭ'''- remain unchanged.
 
Voiced stops mostly mirror voiceless assimilations (doubling saṃdhi already applied - all nasal + stop clusters are underlyingly a geminate stop):
 
-'''bḍ'''- → -'''ṇḍ'''-<br/>
-'''dj'''- → -'''ñj'''- ; -'''dg'''- → -'''gd'''-<br/>
-'''ḍb'''- → -'''ṇḍ'''- ; -'''ḍj'''- → -'''ñj'''- ; -'''ḍg'''- → <small>-''-gḍ''- → </small> -'''rḍ'''-<br/>
-'''j''' + any other stop, also aspirated ones → -'''jñ'''-<br/>
-'''gb'''- → -'''mb'''- ; -'''gḍ'''- → -'''rḍ'''- ; -'''gj'''- → -'''ñj'''-<br/>
Doubled stops become a nasal+stop sequence; -'''bj'''-, -'''bg'''-, -'''db'''-, -'''bd'''-, and -'''gd'''- remain unchanged.
 
''-d(h)n-'' and ''-ḍ(h)ṇ-'' from any origin further assimilate to '''-nn-''' and '''-rṇ-''' respectively.
 
'''h''', wherever it is followed by a consonant (apart from '''ь'''), disappears, leaving its trace as breathy-voiced phonation on the preceding vowel (e.g. ''maih-leilē'' → ''mąileilē''). Vowels change as such:
* '''i''', '''ī''' → '''į'''
* '''u''', '''ū''' → '''ų'''
* '''e''', '''ē''', '''æ''', '''ǣ''' → '''ę'''
* all other monophthongs, or '''oe''' → '''ą'''
* '''ai''', '''ei''', '''au''' → '''ąi''', '''ęi''', '''ąu''' respectively.
 
Sibilants trigger various different changes:
* Among themselves, '''-s s-''' remains '''ss''' (but simplified to '''s''' if the latter is followed by a consonant other than ''y'' or ''ь''), but any other combination becomes '''kṣ''' (e.g. ''naš-sārah'' → ''nakṣārah'').
* '''ṣ''', if followed by a dental stop, turns it into '''ṭ''' or '''ṭh''' according to aspiration (e.g. ''paṣ-dhvakām'' → ''paṣṭhvakām'').
* '''s''' or '''š''' plus any voiced stop, or '''ṣ''' followed by any non-dental/retroflex voiced stop, disappear but synchronically lengthen the previous vowel (e.g. ''kus-drāltake'' → ''kūdrāltake'').
* Dental stops followed  by '''ṣ''' or '''š''' result in a palatal affricate (e.g. ''prāt-ṣveya'' → ''prācveya'').
Note that the two roots ''lih-'' and ''muh-'' behave, before consonants (with a few exceptions, e.g. the verbal infinitive), as if they were *lis- and *mus-.
 
If the first sound which undergoes saṃdhi is already part of a cluster, a few more assimilations may occur. In a nasal-stop + stop sequence, usually the first stop gets cancelled, but nasals do not assimilate entirely to the stop:
* '''m''' becomes '''ṃ''';
* Other nasals do not assimilate at all.
Note that the combinations -'''mpt'''-, -'''mpk'''-, -'''lkt'''-, -'''lkṭ'''-, -'''mbd'''-, -'''lgd'''-, and -'''lgḍ'''- all remain unchanged; doubled stops are degeminated (like -''mpp''- > -''mp''-).
 
If the sound before the stop sequence is '''l''' or '''r''', nothing happens and assimilations are normal. If the  sound is a sibilant (note that they cannot precede voiced stops), assimilations are as usual.
 
Note that a few roots may have internal clusters that would not be permitted in internal saṃdhi. Many of these are part of scientific lexicon and all of them are ultimately borrowings, for example ''Līšabgin'' - the name of the sixth planet of the star system Calémere is in.
 
=====Doubling saṃdhi=====
In a few cases of consonant doubling due to saṃdhi, there are irregular results:
* ''-y y-'' → '''-jñ-'''
** This also applies to ''-ai-y-'', e.g. ''mai-yųlake'' → ''majñųlake''
* ''-v v-'' → '''-gv-'''
* ''-r r-'' → '''-rl-'''
* any doubled voiced stop (also due to assimilation of other stops) → homorganic nasal + voiced stop (e.g. ''-b b-'' → ''-mb-'')
 
=====Epenthetic vowels=====
Epenthetic vowels are usually discussed together with saṃdhi. They are often used in verbal conjugations, as no Chlouvānem word may end in two consonants. The epenthetic vowel used depends on the preceding consonant:
* '''u''' is inserted after non-palatalized labials;
* '''a''' is used after retroflexes (except '''ṣ'''), velars, and non-palatalized laryngeals (except '''l''')
* '''i''' is used after all other consonants.
 
Note that '''y''', '''v''', and '''r''' in these cases turn into the corresponding vowels '''i''', '''u''', and '''ṛ'''.


==Writing system - Jīmalāṇa==
==Writing system - Jīmalāṇa==
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