Eighth edition lekma

Phonology

• graphs are listed below.

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Epiglottal	Glottal
Nasal	m m			n n		ɳ nr		ɲ nh	ŋ un,-nn
Plosive	p b ff,b rb			t d t,d rd					k g k-,c rc				ʔ kk
Affricate				t͡s tz		ʈ͡ʂ tr	t͡ɕ th
Fricative		f f	θ cz	s s		ʂ sr	ɕ sh			χ -k			ɦ hh
Approximant		ʋ v						j i-
Trill										ʀ hr
Flap or tap				ɾ -r,-rr-
Lateral app.				l l				ʎ lh

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i y i ü				ɯ u û u
Close-mid	e ø e ö				o o
Open-mid					ʌ ô
Near-open			ɐ â
Open			ä a

Morpheme/Particle of nouns

	like the agent of a transitive verb	like the subject of an intransitive verb	like the object of a transitive verb	dative *supposed	genetive	plural	plural genetive	Word
*ac/ɐk/	nac	sac	ac	acüm	acs	acen/äːgen/	acens/äːgens/	I
*üe/yː/	nü	sü	ü	üâm	üâs	üen	üens	You
*hhan/ɦɐn/	hhannaé	hhansaé	hhan(taé)	hhanhhüm	hhans	hhanen/ɦɐnen/	hhanens/ɦɐnens/	S/he
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• hhan takes the normal noun decension.

Morpheme/Particle of verbs

	present predicational form of verb	processing predicational adjective form	incomplete predicational adjective form	compelete predicational adjective form	Word
*sel	ser	seinde	set	seint	be
*bal	bar	balinde	bat	baint	have
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