Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions
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==== (cvc's list) ==== | |||
{{trans-top|phonotactics *development}} | |||
* C | |||
* k | |||
* t | |||
* sr | |||
* nr | |||
{{trans-mid}} | |||
* V | |||
* a | |||
* e | |||
* oi | |||
{{trans-mid}} | |||
* C | |||
* nn | |||
* h | |||
* t | |||
{{trans-bottom}} | |||
===Morpheme/Particle of nouns=== | ===Morpheme/Particle of nouns=== | ||
| Line 303: | Line 323: | ||
* you (singular): kküe | * you (singular): kküe | ||
* he: hhonn | * he: hhonn | ||
* we: | * we: kkácen | ||
* you (plural): | * you (plural): kküen | ||
* they: hhian | * they: hhian | ||
* this : torce/ | * this : torce,toc/iá | ||
* that: kkae | * that: kkae | ||
* here: tocma | * here: tocma | ||
| Line 314: | Line 334: | ||
* where: kvima | * where: kvima | ||
* when: kvatzui | * when: kvatzui | ||
* how: | * how: kvamui | ||
* not: né | * not: né | ||
* all: | * all: àen | ||
* many: | * many: àens | ||
* some: | * some: dae àen | ||
* few: | * few: àes | ||
* other: | * other: né daes | ||
* one: ená | * one: ená,esá | ||
* two: | * two: rdua | ||
* three: mal | * three: mal | ||
* four: | * four: rcut | ||
* five: unal | * five: unal | ||
* big: | * big: | ||
| Line 335: | Line 355: | ||
* narrow: | * narrow: | ||
* thin: | * thin: | ||
* woman: | * woman: lhuó | ||
* man (adult male): | * man (adult male): lhuó | ||
* man (human being): hhan/ | * man (human being): hhan/lhuó | ||
* child: | * child: | ||
* wife: | * wife: | ||
* husband: | * husband: | ||
* mother: | * mother: máma | ||
* father: | * father: táta | ||
* animal: | * animal: | ||
* fish: fisk | * fish: fisk | ||
* bird: | * bird: toflie | ||
* dog: kvon | * dog: kvon | ||
* louse: | * louse: lus | ||
* snake: iá | * snake: iá | ||
* worm: | * worm: hhom | ||
* tree: | * tree: rbaim | ||
* forest: | * forest: rbosk | ||
* stick: | * stick: | ||
* fruit: fam | * fruit: fam | ||
* seed: | * seed: | ||
* leaf: | * leaf: hhüo | ||
* root: | * root: lád | ||
* bark (of a tree): | * bark (of a tree): | ||
* flower: chúa | * flower: chúa | ||
| Line 362: | Line 382: | ||
* rope: sinn | * rope: sinn | ||
* skin: ffal | * skin: ffal | ||
* meat: | * meat: salk | ||
* blood: | * blood: salk | ||
* bone: | * bone: | ||
* fat (noun): | * fat (noun): | ||
* egg: | * egg: ai | ||
* horn: | * horn: | ||
* tail: | * tail: | ||
* feather: fie | * feather: fie | ||
* hair: | * hair: tetr | ||
* head: kab | * head: kab | ||
* ear: | * ear: olhen | ||
* eye: ain | * eye: ain | ||
* nose: nes | * nose: nes | ||
* mouth: | * mouth: | ||
* tooth: tzann | * tooth: tzann | ||
* tongue (organ): | * tongue (organ): tzann | ||
* fingernail: | * fingernail: tzann | ||
* foot: | * foot: | ||
* leg: | * leg: rbaim | ||
* knee: | * knee: | ||
* hand: tec | * hand: tec | ||
* wing: | * wing: fiem | ||
* belly: | * belly: | ||
* guts: | * guts: | ||
| Line 390: | Line 410: | ||
* breast: ffec | * breast: ffec | ||
* heart: kel | * heart: kel | ||
* liver: | * liver: kel | ||
* to drink: | * to drink: sifel | ||
* to eat: nham | * to eat: nham | ||
* to bite: | * to bite: tzaunel | ||
* to suck: | * to suck: sifel | ||
* to spit: | * to spit: | ||
* to vomit: | * to vomit: | ||
* to blow: | * to blow: bolel | ||
* to breathe: | * to breathe: nesel | ||
* to laugh: hrak | * to laugh: hrak | ||
* to see: vis | * to see: vis | ||
* to hear: | * to hear: sanhel | ||
* to know: can | * to know: can,kacnu | ||
* to think: | * to think: | ||
{{trans-mid}} | {{trans-mid}} | ||
* to smell: | * to smell: nesel | ||
* to fear: | * to fear: | ||
* to sleep: | * to sleep: | ||
| Line 417: | Line 437: | ||
* to split: | * to split: | ||
* to stab: | * to stab: | ||
* to scratch: | * to scratch: skilel | ||
* to dig: | * to dig: | ||
* to swim: svim | * to swim: svim | ||
* to fly: fel | * to fly: fel | ||
* to walk: salka | * to walk: salka,salkel | ||
* to come: salka | * to come: salka | ||
* to lie (as in a bed): líc | * to lie (as in a bed): líc | ||
* to sit: | * to sit: sidel | ||
* to stand: hrec | * to stand: hrec | ||
* to turn (intransitive): | * to turn (intransitive): | ||
* to fall: | * to fall: feiel | ||
* to give: | * to give: | ||
* to hold: | * to hold: | ||
| Line 440: | Line 460: | ||
* to sew: | * to sew: | ||
* to count: teltztif | * to count: teltztif | ||
* to say: | * to say: soe | ||
* to sing: | * to sing: séunel | ||
* to play: | * to play: rbil | ||
* to float: | * to float: | ||
* to flow: lom | * to flow: lom | ||
* to freeze: | * to freeze: trilel | ||
* to swell: | * to swell: | ||
* sun: hrá | * sun: hrá | ||
| Line 452: | Line 472: | ||
* water: vad | * water: vad | ||
* rain: lein | * rain: lein | ||
* river: | * river: léne | ||
* lake: | * lake: léne | ||
* sea: | * sea: | ||
* salt: | * salt: | ||
* stone: shè | * stone: shè | ||
* sand: | * sand: sa | ||
* dust: | * dust: | ||
* earth: thi | * earth: thi | ||
* cloud: | * cloud: küt | ||
* fog: | * fog: küt | ||
* sky: | * sky: séo | ||
* wind: | * wind: | ||
* snow: | * snow: | ||
* ice: tril | * ice: tril | ||
* smoke: | * smoke: | ||
* fire: | * fire: féu | ||
* ash: | * ash: | ||
* to burn: | * to burn: | ||
| Line 474: | Line 494: | ||
* red: hrot | * red: hrot | ||
* green: léu | * green: léu | ||
* yellow: | * yellow: col | ||
* white: hrát | * white: hrát | ||
* black: | * black: | ||
| Line 495: | Line 515: | ||
* smooth: | * smooth: | ||
* wet: vadmui | * wet: vadmui | ||
* dry: | * dry: sekel | ||
* correct: baim | * correct: baim | ||
* near: | * near: tocmáf | ||
* far: | * far: naemáf | ||
* right: | * right: | ||
* left: | * left: | ||
* at: tzúi | * at: tzúi | ||
* in: | * in: hhins | ||
* with: múi | * with: múi | ||
* and: e | * and: e,elk | ||
* if: o | * if: o,som | ||
* because: | * because: | ||
* name: | * name: námel | ||
{{trans-bottom}} | {{trans-bottom}} | ||
Revision as of 17:25, 31 December 2018
A short introduction
To know more of languages through a miniture language is the reason why lekma,/ˈleχmɐ/ has been/is being made.
A sentence in lekma is consist of, an interjection/connective + adverbial phrase + agent x object x verb + adverbial phrase + a complement(subject/topic) x a particle(, is it? thing).
Phonology
- Graphemes of each phonemes are listed below.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m m |
n n |
ɳ nr |
ɲ nh |
ŋ un,-nn |
||||||||
| Plosive | p b ff,b b,rb |
t d tt,t,d d,rd |
k g k,c c,rc |
ʔ kk | |||||||||
| Affricate | t͡s tz |
ʈ͡ʂ tr |
t͡ɕ th |
||||||||||
| Fricative | f f |
θ cz |
s s |
ʂ sr |
ɕ sh |
χ -k,ch |
ɦ hh | ||||||
| Approximant | ʋ v |
j i- |
|||||||||||
| Trill | ʀ hr |
||||||||||||
| Flap or tap | ɾ -r,-rr- |
||||||||||||
| Lateral app. | l l |
ʎ lh |
Vowels
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i y i ü |
ɯ u û u | |||
| Close-mid | e ø e ö |
o o | |||
| Open-mid | ʌ ô | ||||
| Near-open | ɐ â |
||||
| Open | ä a |
(cvc's list)
± phonotactics *development - C
- k
- t
- sr
- nr
- V
- a
- e
- oi
- C
- nn
- h
- t
Morpheme/Particle of nouns
| noun root | word | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the agent of a transitive verb | the subject/locative of an intransitive verb | the direct/indirect object of a verb | possessive form | plural form | plural possessive form | ||
| *ac/ʔɐk/ | sac/sɐk/ | nac/nɐk/ | ac/ʔɐk/ | ács/ʔäks/ | sácen,nácen,ácen/ʔäːgen/ | ácens/ʔäːgens/ | I |
| *üe/ʔyː/ | sü/syː/ | nü/nyː/ | üe/ʔyː/ | ües/ʔyːs/ | süen,nüen,üen/ʔyːen/ | üens/ʔyːens/ | You |
| *hhia/ɦiä/ | íasaé/ɦiänsäe/ | íanaé/ɦiänäe/ | hhia/ɦiä/ | ías/ɦiäs/ | sian,nian,ían/ɦiän/ | íans/ɦiäns/ | They (singular) |
| *kkae/ʔae/ | aesaé/ʔaesäe/ | aenaé/ʔaenäe/ | àe/ʔae/ | àes/ʔais/ | saen,naen,àen/ʔain/ | àens/ʔaens/ | Thing |
Morpheme/Particle of verbs
| verb root | verbal form | verbal subjunctive form | verbal connective form | noun-like form | word | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present/habitual | the motion is in the future | -ing, /if thing | the motion is incomplete | the motion is completed | ||
| *sel/sel/ | ser/sel/,[seɾ] | seat/seɦät/ | sád/säːt/ | selínde/selindɐ/ | selínt/selint/ | be |
| *bal/bäl/ | bar/bäl/,[bäɾ] | baat/bäɦät/ | bád/bäːt/ | balínde/bälindɐ/ | balínt/bälint/ | have |
| *tel/tel/ | ter/tel/,[teɾ] | teat/teɦät/ | tád/täːt/ | telínde/telindɐ/ | telínt/telint/ | hang,raise |
(Swadesh list)
± Lexicon *development - I: kkac
- you (singular): kküe
- he: hhonn
- we: kkácen
- you (plural): kküen
- they: hhian
- this : torce,toc/iá
- that: kkae
- here: tocma
- there: àema
- who: hhia/lhia
- what: kvo
- where: kvima
- when: kvatzui
- how: kvamui
- not: né
- all: àen
- many: àens
- some: dae àen
- few: àes
- other: né daes
- one: ená,esá
- two: rdua
- three: mal
- four: rcut
- five: unal
- big:
- long:
- wide:
- thick:
- heavy:
- small:
- short: kul
- narrow:
- thin:
- woman: lhuó
- man (adult male): lhuó
- man (human being): hhan/lhuó
- child:
- wife:
- husband:
- mother: máma
- father: táta
- animal:
- fish: fisk
- bird: toflie
- dog: kvon
- louse: lus
- snake: iá
- worm: hhom
- tree: rbaim
- forest: rbosk
- stick:
- fruit: fam
- seed:
- leaf: hhüo
- root: lád
- bark (of a tree):
- flower: chúa
- grass:
- rope: sinn
- skin: ffal
- meat: salk
- blood: salk
- bone:
- fat (noun):
- egg: ai
- horn:
- tail:
- feather: fie
- hair: tetr
- head: kab
- ear: olhen
- eye: ain
- nose: nes
- mouth:
- tooth: tzann
- tongue (organ): tzann
- fingernail: tzann
- foot:
- leg: rbaim
- knee:
- hand: tec
- wing: fiem
- belly:
- guts:
- neck: nec
- back: tzüc
- breast: ffec
- heart: kel
- liver: kel
- to drink: sifel
- to eat: nham
- to bite: tzaunel
- to suck: sifel
- to spit:
- to vomit:
- to blow: bolel
- to breathe: nesel
- to laugh: hrak
- to see: vis
- to hear: sanhel
- to know: can,kacnu
- to think:
- to smell: nesel
- to fear:
- to sleep:
- to live:
- to die:
- to kill: sral
- to fight: sral
- to hunt:
- to hit:
- to cut:
- to split:
- to stab:
- to scratch: skilel
- to dig:
- to swim: svim
- to fly: fel
- to walk: salka,salkel
- to come: salka
- to lie (as in a bed): líc
- to sit: sidel
- to stand: hrec
- to turn (intransitive):
- to fall: feiel
- to give:
- to hold:
- to squeeze:
- to rub: vask
- to wash: vask
- to wipe:
- to pull: tec
- to push: tec/ffon
- to throw:
- to tie:
- to sew:
- to count: teltztif
- to say: soe
- to sing: séunel
- to play: rbil
- to float:
- to flow: lom
- to freeze: trilel
- to swell:
- sun: hrá
- moon:
- star:
- water: vad
- rain: lein
- river: léne
- lake: léne
- sea:
- salt:
- stone: shè
- sand: sa
- dust:
- earth: thi
- cloud: küt
- fog: küt
- sky: séo
- wind:
- snow:
- ice: tril
- smoke:
- fire: féu
- ash:
- to burn:
- road: vei
- mountain: mon
- red: hrot
- green: léu
- yellow: col
- white: hrát
- black:
- night:
- day: rdi
- year:
- warm: nôk
- cold: tril
- full:
- new:
- old:
- good: bim
- bad:
- rotten:
- dirty: mud
- straight: baim
- round: kadbal
- sharp (as a knife):
- dull (as a knife):
- smooth:
- wet: vadmui
- dry: sekel
- correct: baim
- near: tocmáf
- far: naemáf
- right:
- left:
- at: tzúi
- in: hhins
- with: múi
- and: e,elk
- if: o,som
- because:
- name: námel