Proto-Hlou-Shum: Difference between revisions

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==Proto-Talsmic phonology==
#redirect [[Hlou-Shum languages]]
===Consonant inventory===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="10"|Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants
|-
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Alveolar
!  |Lateral
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Uvular
!  |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| *m
| *n
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| *p
| *t
| *ƛ /tɬ/
|
| *k
| *q
| *ʔ
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| *b
| *d
| *λ /dɮ/
|
| *g
|
|
|-
! |<small>aspirated</small>
| *pʰ
| *tʰ
| *ƛʰ /tɬʰ/
|
| *kʰ
| *qʰ /qʰ~qχ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
|
| *s
| *ł /ɬ/
|
|
|
| *h
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
|
| *z
| *ḽ /ɮ/
|
|
|rowspan="2"| *ʁ
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| *w
|
| *l
| *j
|
 
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
| *r
|
|
|
|
|
|}
 
===Vocalic inventory===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| *i *ī
|
| *u *ū
|-
! style="" |Mid
| *e *ē
|
| *o *ō
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| *a *ā
|
|}
 
==Sound changes==
#''*ph *th *ƛh *kh *qh'' > resp. aspirates
#First spirantization:
#:''*qʰ > *χ''
#:''*pʰ > *f''
#Radicalization:
#:''*q > *ʡ''
#:''*χ > *ħ''
#Assimilation of dentals:
#:''*ts *tʰs'' > *ss''
#:''*dz *tʰz'' > ''*zz'' > later ''*z''
#:''*ƛs > *ƛʰ''
#:''*ƛz > *λ''
#Some cluster changes:
#:''*tk > *kt''
#:''*tp *db *kp *gb > *tw *dw *kw *gw'' (should be earlier than PTal?)
#:''*kt *łt *kþ'' > ''*xt''
#:''*pþ'' > ''*ps''
#:''*ʡt'' > ''*ħt''
#Second spirantization:
#:''*tʰ > *þ''
#:''*kʰ > *x''
#:''*ƛʰ > *ł''
#ʔC > C[+long]
#Cʔ, Ch > Ce usually
#:''*mʔ *nʔ *lʔ *rʔ'' > also ''*mp *nt *lt *rt'' (especially in function morphemes)
#:''*mh *nh *lh *rh'' > also ''*nf *nþ *lþ *rþ''
#Loss of laterals (nearly unique to Themsarian?):
#:''*ƛ > *ŧ'' /ts/
#:''*ł > *þ''
#:''*λ > *l'', ''*λλ > *ld''
#:''*ḽ > *ð'', ''*ḽḽ > *lð''
#Rhotacization:
#:''*z > *r'' / _C[+voiced]
#:''*dl > *rl''
#Epenthetic vowels are added:
#:CC[+resonant]# > CyC[+resonant]# and in many functional morphemes.
#:''*ʁ'' / V_V, _C[+coronal] > ''*v'' /ʋˠ/ (a Themsarian-only sound change)
#:''*ʁ'' otherwise > ''*ʕ''
#Loss of glottal stop:
#*clitic ''*=ʔ'' becomes final downstep
#*vowel contractions: (~ denotes ''*ʔ'' or ''*h'')
#*''*a~ > ā''
#*''*a~e, *ajV *a~i > ae''
#*''*aj, a~ī > ai''
#*''*a~o (*awV) *a~u > ao''
#*''(*aw) > au''
#*''*e~C > eaC''
#*''*ej *ew *e~ī > ei''
#*''*e~u *e~ū > ju, jū''
#*''*ēj *ē~ > ie''
#*''*i~C > ieC''
#*''*o~C > oaC''
#*''*o~i oj u~i uj > ȳ''
#*''*o~ī > oi''
#*''*ow > ū''
#*''*u~C > uoC''
#*''*u~ī > ui''
#''*ʕ'' > ''*ħ''
#''*w'' > ''*v''
#:''*vv, *zz'' > ''*wv *z''
#:''*bb *dd *gg'' > *mb *nd *ng''; also ''*ʡʡ *ħħ'' > ''*ʡ *ħ'', lengthening previous vowel
#C[+radical] > ''*a'' / _#
 
==Classical Themsarian phonology==
===Consonant inventory===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="9"|Consonants
|-
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Dental
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Radical
!  |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
|colspan="2"| '''n''' /n/
|
| <span style="color:gray;">'''n''' [ŋ]</span>
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
|colspan="2"| '''t''' /t/
|
| '''c''' /k/
| '''q''' /ʡ/
|
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
|colspan="2"| '''d''' /d/
|
| '''g''' /g/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/
| '''th''' /θ/
| '''s''' /s/
|
|rowspan="2"| '''ch''' /x~ɣ/
| '''ħ''' /ħ~ʜ/
|rowspan="2" | '''h''' /h~ɦ/
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
|
| '''ð''' /ð/
| '''z''' /z/
|
| <span style="color:gray;">'''q''' [ʕ~ʢ]</span>
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
|
|colspan="3"| '''ŧ''' /t̪s̪~ts~tɕ~tʃ/
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| '''v''' /ʋˠ/
|
|
| '''j''' /j/
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
|colspan="2"| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Lateral app.
|
|colspan="2"| '''l''' /l/
|
|
|
|
|}
 
===Vocalic inventory===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''ī''' /iː/
| '''y''' /ʉ̜/
| '''ȳ''' /ʉ̜ː/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ū''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e̞/
| '''ē''' /e̞ː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o̞/
| '''ō''' /o̞ː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''ā''' /aː/
|
|
|}

Latest revision as of 21:48, 1 January 2019

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