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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
<!-- þahtaz -> cecha, "thought" +o -> cecho, "thinking" ~= gerundive, resulting in "I want to cecho" -->
<!-- þahtaz -> cecha, "thought" +o -> cecho, "thinking" ~= gerundive, resulting in "I want to cecho" -->
TBD, will require its own separate history section.
===Nouns===
====Number====
There are two kinds of traditional non-singular number:
* Plural, which uses -(e)s to mark the plural.
* Collective, which generally is marked with -on(e.g. *augô, *augōnō become oyo, oyon (eye, eyes)).
 
In addition, in the Late Modern language, when a plural noun is the actor and agrees with a verb in number, it can be substituted with the collective, with the collective suffix being stressed (e.g. -ón). This is a dissimilatory process, and is associated with educated speech. The repetitiveness of the final -s in the nominal and verbal plural forms is seen as a little bit repetitive.
 
The use of -ón as a general nominal plural is considered colloquial.
 
===Verbs===
====Infinitives====
There are two main variations of the infinitive, which also doubles as a gerund:
* the plain infinitive, ending in -(a)n
* the ameliorative infinitive, ending in -(a)no
 
These generally follow a tonic pattern of CV́Cană, where the non-tonic -ă was dropped (and, in the case of -ano, replaced with the feminine -o).
 
In addition, there are doublets of the infinitives caused by the CV́Căna tonic pattern, where the medial -ă- was dropped, resulting in CV́Cna, with the -Cn- cluster being resolved as elsewhere in the language (e.g., consonant vocalisation, assimilation, etc).
 
Illustrating all these variations is the verb "give":
* plain infinitive: geban /ˈxeβan/
* ameliorative infinitive: gebano /xeˈβano/, /ˈxeβano/
* tonic doublet: geuna /ˈxeuna/
 
 
====Finite declension====
Unlike other Germanic languages, Ceuja has generally regularised verbs, although doublets have been formed from different tense forms (even retaining their tense distinctions sometimes).
 
 
====Early Modern declension====
This is the traditional declension of Early Modern Ceuja, with variant forms in italics.
 
''geban'', "To give", has a fairly straight forward descent from Proto-Germanic *gebaną in the present tense. However, the past tense is a post-PGmc innovation.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=7| "to give"
|-
!rowspan=2| Infinite forms
! Infinitive I
| geban || *gebaną̆
! Present participle
| gebando || *gebandz
|-
! Infinitive II
| geuna ||  *gebăną
! Past Participle
| gebá || *geba-daz
|-
! Present tense !!colspan=2| Singular !!colspan=2| Dual !!colspan=2| Plural
|-
!
! Ceuja !! PGmc
! Ceuja !! PGmc
! Ceuja !! PGmc
|-
! 1st
| gebo || *gebō || gebos || *gebōz || gebas, ''geumas'' || *gebamăz
|-
! 2nd
| gebes || *gibizi || gebaces, ''gebaz'' || *gebadiz || gebe, ''gebed ~ gebez'' || *gibidi
|-
! 3rd
| gebez, ''gebe'' || *gibidi || - || - || geban, ''gebande, gebaz'' || *gebandi
|}
 
In the case of ''ejan'', "to have", we see some levelling and analogisation of *habjaną take place early on. It also uses an innovated past tense that differs to that from PGmc.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=7| "to have"
|-
!rowspan=2| Infinite forms
! Infinitive I
| ejan || *habjaną̆
! Present participle
| ejando || *habjandz
|-
! Infinitive II
| yena ||  *habjăną
! Past Participle
| ejá || *habja-daz
|-
! Present tense !!colspan=2| Singular !!colspan=2| Dual !!colspan=2| Plural
|-
!
! Ceuja !! PGmc
! Ceuja !! PGmc
! Ceuja !! PGmc
|-
! 1st
| ejo || *habjō
| ejos || *habjōs
| ejas, ''yemas'' || *habjamaz
|-
! 2nd
| ejes || *habaisi
| ejaces, ''ejaz''  || *habjaþiz
| eje, ''ejed ~ ejez'' || *habaiþ
|-
! 3rd
| ejez, ''eje'' || *habaiþi
| - || -
| eje, ''ejande, ejaz'' || *habjanþi
|}
 
And in the case of ''aban'', "to miss" in the sense of "to be missing something", we can see a doublet formed from the original PGmc past tense of *habjaną
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=7|  "to miss"
|-
!rowspan=2| Infinite forms
! Infinitive I
| aban || *habd-aną
! Present participle
| abando || *habd-andz
|-
! Infinitive II
| auna || *habd-aną
! Past Participle
| abá || *habd-adaz
|-
! Present tense !!colspan=2| Singular !!colspan=2| Dual !!colspan=2| Plural
|-
!
! Ceuja !! PGmc
! Ceuja !! PGmc
! Ceuja !! PGmc
|-
! 1st
| abo || * habd-ō
| abos || *habd-ōs
| abas, ''aumas'' || *habd-amaz
|-
! 2nd
| abes || *habdēz
| abaces, ''abaz''  || * habd-aþiz
| abe, ''abed ~ abez'' || *habd-aiþ
|-
! 3rd
| abez, ''abe'' || *habdē
| - || -
| aban, ''abande, abaz'' || *habd-anþi
|}
 
 
====Late Modern declension====
The Late Modern language has drastically restructured the verbal system, levelling both persons and numbers into a more regular system, and reinnovating the participles.
 
In addition, tense has become more marked with the use of ''duén'' "to do" prefixed before the verb (de- for the past, from fossilised doublet ''dién'' "to have done, to have experience doing", and do- optionally for the imperative).
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=3| "to give"
|-
!rowspan=2| Infinitives
! Infinitive I
| geban
|-
! Infinitive II
| geuna
|-
!rowspan=2| Participles
! Present-active
| geunén (gebanén)
|-
! Past-passive
| de-geuná (de-gebaná, -én)
|-
! Present !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1st
| gebo || gebos
|-
! 2nd, 3rd
| gebez || gebaces
|-
! 1st inclu.
| - || gebas (geumas)
|-
! 4th
| gebe || -
|-
! Past !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1st
| de-gebo || de-gebos
|-
! 2nd, 3rd
| de-gebez || de-gebaces
|-
! 1st inclu.
| - || de-gebas (de-geumas)
|-
! 4th
| de-gebe || -
|-
!rowspan=2| Imperative !! Exclusive !! Inclusive
|-
| (do-)gebe || (do-)geumas (geumás)
|}
 
 
The future tense is marked with the fully inflected auxiliary verb ''escolan ~ escoran'', although it too is being transformed into a non-inflecting future prefix ''co(r)- ~ jo(r)-'', with the markedly colloquial form ''cho(r)-''.
 
For example:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Translation  !! Formal !! Colloquial !! Informal
|-
| You(.PL) will give me it || Esbe escolaces mes za geban || Esbe mes za co-gebaces ||  Ombe me'zza chor-gebaces
|-
| We will have it ||  Os escolos za ejan || Os mes za co-ejos || On za chor-ejos
|-
<!--| I will drag it || Y escolo za dreyan || Y za cho'-dreyo, y za co-dreyo (?)
|- -->
| I will drag it there || Y escolo za tuyan a zal || Y za co-tuyo zalén || Y za cho(r)-tuyo zalén <!-- zuyo, teuyo - teuhaną -->
|}


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==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
A preliminary wordlist:
A preliminary wordlist:
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