Eighth edition lekma

   As for introduction of lekma/ˈleχmɐ/, it is a conlang, my reason to constructure a miniature language is, to make is an effective way to learn about languages, to know languages has much affect on it, so it is under construction. Thanks for visitting this site.
   A lekma sentence is as follows, an interjection/connection + agent × object × verb ÷ adverbial clause + a subject/topic × a particle.

Phonology

• Graphemes are listed below the each phonemes.

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m m			n n	ɳ nr		ɲ nh	ŋ un,-nn
Plosive	p b b,ff b,rb			t d t,d,tt d,rd				k g c,k c,rc		ʔ kk,`
Affricate				t͡s tz	ʈ͡ʂ tr	t͡ɕ th
Fricative		f f	θ cz*	ʃ s | sh	ʂ sr	ɕ sh*			χ -k,ch	ɦ hh
Approximant		ʋ v,u-					j i-
Trill									ʀ hr
Flap or tap				ɾ l,-r,-rr-
Lateral app.				l l			ʎ lh

These letters with * are rare.

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i y i ü				ɯ u û u
Mid-open	e ø e,ä ö		ɐ a,â,e,ë		ʌ o ô o
Open			ä a

Vowel length is a phoneme. This long vowel includes diphthong as well as their allophones.

Phonotactics

± phonotactics *development
C k t lh sr nr	V a á:allophones;ae;ai;oa e ee:allophones;ei;é;ea ö:allophones;eu oi oo:allophones;ou;ó	C nn h tz cz t ns −vowel length lk −vowel length ks sk

Morphemes

± It is applied for inter parts of speech
s- n- a- -a -e -s -as -es -n -en -ns -ens	-r -l -t -d -er -el -et -ad -nd -nt -nds -nts

Declension

noun root							word
	the agent of a transitive verb	the subject/locative of an intransitive verb	the direct/indirect object of a verb	possessive form	plural form	plural possessive form
*ac/ʔɐk/	sac/sɐk/	nac/nɐk/	uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk]	ács/ʔäks/	sácen,nácen,ácen/ʔäːgen/	ácens/ʔäːgens/	I
*üe/ʔyː/	sü/syː/	nü/nyː/	uü/ʋyː/[ʔyː]	uües/ʋyːs/	süen,nüen,ʋüen/ʔyːen/	uüens/ʔyːens/	You
*hhia/ɦiä/	íasaé/ɦiänsäe/	íanaé/ɦiänäe/	hhia/ɦiä/	ías/ɦiäs/	sian,nian,ían/ɦiän/	íans/ɦiäns/	They (singular)
*kkae/ʔae/	aesaé/ʔaesäe/	aenaé/ʔaenäe/	àe/ʔae/	àes/ʔais/	saen,naen,àen/ʔain/	àens/ʔaens/	Thing

Conjugation

verb root	indicative form	subjunctive form	connective form	noun-like form		word
	present/habitual	the motion is futural	-ing, /if	the motion is incomplete	the motion is completed
*sel/sel/	ser/sel/,[seɾ]	seat/seɦät/	sád/säːt/	selínda/selindɐ/	selínt/selint/	be
*bal/bäl/	bar/bäl/,[bäɾ]	baat/bäɦät/	bád/bäːt/	balínda/bälindɐ/[bäˈindɐ]	balínt/bälint/[bäˈint]	have
*tel/tel/	ter/tel/,[teɾ]	teat/teɦät/	tád/täːt/	telínda/telindɐ/[teˈindɐ]	telínt/telint/[teˈint]	hang,raise

Swadesh List

± Lexicon /old lexic entries *development

I: kkac /nac you (singular): kküe /nie he: hhonn /han we: kkácen /nacen you (plural): kküeen /nien they: hhian /hia this : torce /toc,iá,due that: kkáe /hae here: tocma /tcm there: àema /aem who: hhia,lhia /lia what: kva /kvd where: kvime /kvm when: kvatzuí /kvn how: kvamuí /kvi not: né /nei all: àen /aen many: àens /aens some: de àen /desaen few: làes /leas other: né daes /neidae one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /esh two: tzue /dva three: mal /mal four: cut /cut five: unal /hal big: lhens /ae long: naelhens /ae wide: daesbala /ae thick: bala /ae heavy: né fie /neifias small: ae /tis short: kul /ae narrow: tis /tisma thin: kadtis /ae woman: lhúa /lua man (adult male): lhúa /lua man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo child: ae /tisluo wife: ae /mama dae kús husband: ae /tata dae kús mother: máma /mam father: táta /tat animal: this /ae fish: ae /fsk bird: tofie /tfl dog: cúon /chn louse: ae /lus snake: ae /lam worm: hhom /orm tree: ae /bim forest: ae /bsk stick: baunel /ae fruit: fam /flm seed: fam /ae leaf: hhüo /lif root: lád /lad bark (of a tree): bolo /bim dui en. bark flower: ae /lili grass: ladlili /ae rope: sinn /ae skin: bäl /ae meat: salk /slk blood: salk /ae bone: lám /ae fat (noun): bét /fat egg: ais /ae horn: kol /krn tail: lámen /lam feather: fie /fli hair: tetr /khr head: ae /cab ear: olhen /orh eye: ain /oin nose: nes /nez mouth: ae /lif tooth: tzann /fnc tongue (organ): tzann /zau fingernail: tzann /fau foot: ae /bam leg: ae /bam knee: baim /ae hand: tec /tek wing: fiem /fli belly: mac /ae guts: mac /ae neck: nec /ae back: tzüc /ruc breast: bec /fec heart: kel /kor liver: kel /ae to drink: sifel /drk to eat: nem /nhm to bite: tzaunel /tnf to suck: sifel /ae to spit: nemel /ae to vomit: tue dae nems /ae to blow: bolel /ae to breathe: nesel /ae to laugh: hrak /rch to see: vis /ver to hear: sanhel /oir to know: can /cna to think: canel /dik

to smell: nesel /ae to fear: bai /ae to sleep: bei /slf to live: súmel /ae to die: né súmel /ae to kill: sral /ae to fight: sral /ae to hunt: sral /ae to hit: láb /lfn to cut: kul /ae to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval to stab: binn /ae to scratch: skilel /ae to dig: binn /nem to swim: ae /svi to fly: ae /fei to walk: salkel /ae to come: hhim /clm to lie (as in a bed): lob /ae to sit: sidel /set to stand: hrec /tnd to turn (intransitive): silkel /ae to fall: feiel /fei to give: túe /tue to hold: hrantel /ae to squeeze: tzecal /ae to rub: vask /ae to wash: vask /ae to wipe: vaskel /vsk to pull: tec /ae to push: tec,ffon /ae to throw: tue toc náe /ae to tie: ticel /bnd to sew: ffinticel /ae to count: teltzif /ae to say: srua /seu to sing: séunel /seu to play: bil /sfl to float: lom /flt to flow: ae /flt to freeze: íelel /iel to swell: rcol /ae sun: hrá /na moon: daehrá /mun star: lucz /trl water: súm /sumi rain: lein /rcn river: léne /len lake: léne /len sea: léneen /len salt: sala /slt stone: shè /stn sand: sahr /snd dust: hroma /ae earth: thi /nulmaf cloud: küt /sku fog: küt /foc sky: séo /sulmaf wind: fendas /vnd snow: nívas /snu ice: íelen /ais smoke: féu /feo fire: féu /feo ash: daeféu /ae to burn: tocféu tue /feol road: vei /vec mountain: ae /mon red: hrot /rod green: léu /crn yellow: col /clb white: hrát /vit black: dal /blc night: dal /nkt day: dis /dac year: iálen /zuames warm: nôk /vrm cold: íels /chl full: buk /ful new: bil /na old: né bil /ae good: hhim /bim bad: né hhim /ae rotten: tocel nae /na dirty: mud /ae straight: bim /na round: kadbal /na sharp (as a knife): dis /na dull (as a knife): dos /na smooth: dilel /na wet: súmmuí /vods dry: sekal /sek correct: bim /ae near: tocmas /na far: naemas /na right: hris /rec left: chol /lic at: tzúi /zui,tui in: lhea /ins with: múi,mue /mui and: e,elk /elk if: o,sôm /som because: fúi /kar name: námel /nam