Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Neubalhhonn (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
Neubalhhonn (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
As for introduction of lekma/ˈleχmɐ/, it is a conlang, my reason to constructure a miniature language is, to make is | As for introduction of lekma /ˈleχmɐ/, it is a conlang, my reason to constructure a miniature language is, to make is a way to learn about languages, also to know languages has much affect on it, so it is under construction. Thanks for visitting this site. | ||
A lekma structure is as follows, an interjection/connection + an agent × an object × a verb | A lekma structure is as follows, an interjection/connection + an agent × an object × a verb + a subject/topic × a particle. | ||
{{trans-top|Attributions}} | {{trans-top|Attributions}} | ||
adnoun + noun. // adverb + verb. // noun + adnoun clause. // noun + adjectifier + noun. // prefix + noun. // noun + suffix. // noun + suffix + adjectifier + noun. // | adnoun + noun. // adverb + verb. // noun + adnoun clause. //verb + adverb clause. // noun + adjectifier + main noun. // prefix + noun. // noun + suffix. // noun + suffix + adjectifier + main noun. // affix × noun + particle. // particle + affix × noun. // affix × noun + adjectifier + main noun + particle. // sub clause + main clause. | ||
{{trans-bottom}} | {{trans-bottom}} | ||
==Phonology== | |||
=Phonology= | |||
Graphemes are listed below the each phonemes. | Graphemes are listed below the each phonemes. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
| Line 92: | Line 91: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| ɾ<br>l,-r | | ɾ<br>l,-r | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 110: | Line 109: | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
These | These with * are rare. | ||
| Line 144: | Line 143: | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
There are two | There are two ways distinction by vowel length. | ||
| Line 157: | Line 156: | ||
{{trans-mid|1}} | {{trans-mid|1}} | ||
* V | * V | ||
* a | * a:allophone;â | ||
* á:allophones;ae;ai;oa | * á:allophones;ae;ai;oa | ||
* e | * e | ||
* | * é:allophones;ei;é;ea | ||
* ö:allophones;eu | * i | ||
* | * î | ||
* | * í | ||
* o | |||
* ö:allophones;eu;oi | |||
* ó:allophone;ou | |||
* u | |||
* ü | |||
* ú:allophones;;ue;ua;uo | |||
{{trans-mid|2}} | {{trans-mid|2}} | ||
* C | * C | ||
| Line 216: | Line 221: | ||
{{trans-bottom}} | {{trans-bottom}} | ||
===Declension=== | ===Declension=== | ||
| Line 238: | Line 243: | ||
! style="width: 90px; "| | ! style="width: 90px; "| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "| | ! style="text-align: center; "|uac/ʋɐk/ | ||
| sac/sɐk/ | | sac/sɐk/ | ||
| nac/nɐk/ | | nac/nɐk/ | ||
| Line 247: | Line 252: | ||
| I | | I | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "| | ! style="text-align: center; "|uue/ʋyː/ | ||
| sü/syː/ | | sü/syː/ | ||
| nü/nyː/ | | nü/nyː/ | ||
| uü/ʋyː/[ʔyː] | | uü/ʋyː/[ʔyː] | ||
| uües/ʋyːs/ | | uües/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs] | ||
| süen,nüen,ʋüen/ | | süen,nüen,ʋüen/ʋyːen/ | ||
| uüens/ʔyːens/ | | uüens/ʔyːens/ | ||
| You | | You | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "| | ! style="text-align: center; "|hia/ɦiä/ | ||
| íasaé/ɦiänsäe/ | | íasaé/ɦiänsäe/ | ||
| íanaé/ɦiänäe/ | | íanaé/ɦiänäe/ | ||
| Line 265: | Line 270: | ||
| They (singular) | | They (singular) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "| | ! style="text-align: center; "|hae/ʋae/ | ||
| aesaé/ʔaesäe/ | | aesaé/ʔaesäe/ | ||
| aenaé/ʔaenäe/ | | aenaé/ʔaenäe/ | ||
| Line 275: | Line 280: | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Conjugation=== | ===Conjugation=== | ||
| Line 294: | Line 299: | ||
! style="width: 90px; "| | ! style="width: 90px; "| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "| | ! style="text-align: center; "|sel/sel/ | ||
| ser/sel/,[seɾ] | | ser/sel/,[seɾ] | ||
| seat/seɦät/ | | seat/seɦät/ | ||
| Line 302: | Line 307: | ||
| be | | be | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "| | ! style="text-align: center; "|bal/bäl/ | ||
| bar/bäl/,[bäɾ] | | bar/bäl/,[bäɾ] | ||
| baat/ | | baat/päɦät/ | ||
| bád/ | | bád/päːt/ | ||
| balínda/ | | balínda/pälindɐ/[bäˈindɐ] | ||
| balínt/ | | balínt/pälint/[bäˈint] | ||
| have | | have | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "| | ! style="text-align: center; "|tel/tel/ | ||
| ter/tel/,[teɾ] | | ter/tel/,[teɾ] | ||
| teat/teɦät/ | | teat/teɦät/ | ||
| Line 319: | Line 324: | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Lexicon=== | |||
{{trans-top| reading basis /visual basis *development}} | {{trans-top| reading basis /visual basis *development}} | ||
* I: kkac /uac | * I: kkac /uac | ||
* you (singular): kküe / | * you (singular): kküe /uue | ||
* he: hhonn /han | * he: hhonn /han | ||
* we: kkácen /nacen | * we: kkácen /nacen | ||
* you (plural): kküeen /nuen | * you (plural): kküeen /nuen | ||
* they: | * they: hhia /hia | ||
* this : torce /toc,hia,dui | * this : torce /toc,hia,dui | ||
* that: kkáe /hae | * that: kkáe /hae | ||
| Line 342: | Line 347: | ||
* few: làes /leas | * few: làes /leas | ||
* other: né daes /neidae | * other: né daes /neidae | ||
* one: éna,ená,ésa,esá / | * one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ena,esa | ||
* two: tzue /dva | * two: tzue /dva | ||
* three: mal /mal | * three: mal /mal | ||
| Line 352: | Line 357: | ||
* thick: bala /uncertain | * thick: bala /uncertain | ||
* heavy: né fie /neifias | * heavy: né fie /neifias | ||
* small: | * small: uncertain /tis | ||
* short: kul /uncertain | * short: kul /uncertain | ||
* narrow: tis /tsm | * narrow: tis /tsm | ||
| Line 411: | Line 416: | ||
* breast: bec /fec | * breast: bec /fec | ||
* heart: kel /kor | * heart: kel /kor | ||
* liver: kel / | * liver: kel /uncertain | ||
* to drink: sifel /drk | * to drink: sifel /drk | ||
* to eat: nem /nhm | * to eat: nem /nhm | ||
* to bite: tzaunel /tnf | * to bite: tzaunel /tnf | ||
* to suck: sifel / | * to suck: sifel /uncertain | ||
* to spit: nemel / | * to spit: nemel /uncertain | ||
* to vomit: tue dae nems / | * to vomit: tue dae nems /uncertain | ||
* to blow: bolel / | * to blow: bolel /uncertain | ||
* to breathe: nesel / | * to breathe: nesel /uncertain | ||
* to laugh: hrak /rch | * to laugh: hrak /rch | ||
* to see: vis /ver | * to see: vis /ver | ||
| Line 426: | Line 431: | ||
* to think: canel /dik | * to think: canel /dik | ||
{{trans-mid}} | {{trans-mid}} | ||
* to smell: nesel / | * to smell: nesel /uncertain | ||
* to fear: bai / | * to fear: bai /uncertain | ||
* to sleep: bei /slf | * to sleep: bei /slf | ||
* to live: súmel / | * to live: súmel /uncertain | ||
* to die: né súmel / | * to die: né súmel /uncertain | ||
* to kill: sral / | * to kill: sral /uncertain | ||
* to fight: sral / | * to fight: sral /uncertain | ||
* to hunt: sral / | * to hunt: sral /uncertain | ||
* to hit: láb /lfn | * to hit: láb /lfn | ||
* to cut: kul / | * to cut: kul /uncertain | ||
* to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval | * to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval | ||
* to stab: binn / | * to stab: binn /uncertain | ||
* to scratch: skilel / | * to scratch: skilel /uncertain | ||
* to dig: binn /nem | * to dig: binn /nem | ||
* to swim: | * to swim: uncertain /svi | ||
* to fly: | * to fly: uncertain /fei | ||
* to walk: salkel / | * to walk: salkel /uncertain | ||
* to come: hhim /clm | * to come: hhim /clm | ||
* to lie (as in a bed): lob / | * to lie (as in a bed): lob /uncertain | ||
* to sit: sidel /set | * to sit: sidel /set | ||
* to stand: hrec /tnd | * to stand: hrec /tnd | ||
* to turn (intransitive): silkel / | * to turn (intransitive): silkel /uncertain | ||
* to fall: feiel /fei | * to fall: feiel /fei | ||
* to give: túe /tue | * to give: túe /tue | ||
* to hold: hrantel / | * to hold: hrantel /uncertain | ||
* to squeeze: tzecal / | * to squeeze: tzecal /uncertain | ||
* to rub: vask / | * to rub: vask /uncertain | ||
* to wash: vask /uncertain | * to wash: vask /uncertain | ||
* to wipe: vaskel /vsk | * to wipe: vaskel /vsk | ||
* to pull: tec / | * to pull: tec /uncertain | ||
* to push: tec,ffon / | * to push: tec,ffon /uncertain | ||
* to throw: tue toc náe / | * to throw: tue toc náe /uncertain | ||
* to tie: ticel /bnd | * to tie: ticel /bnd | ||
* to sew: ffinticel / | * to sew: ffinticel /uncertain | ||
* to count: teltzif / | * to count: teltzif /uncertain | ||
* to say: srua /seu | * to say: srua /seu | ||
* to sing: séunel /seu | * to sing: séunel /seu | ||
| Line 467: | Line 472: | ||
* to flow: ae /flt | * to flow: ae /flt | ||
* to freeze: íelel /iel | * to freeze: íelel /iel | ||
* to swell: rcol / | * to swell: rcol /uncertain | ||
* sun: hrá / | * sun: hrá /uncertain | ||
* moon: daehrá /mun | * moon: daehrá /mun | ||
* star: lucz /trl | * star: lucz /trl | ||
| Line 479: | Line 484: | ||
* stone: shè /stn | * stone: shè /stn | ||
* sand: sahr /snd | * sand: sahr /snd | ||
* dust: hroma / | * dust: hroma /uncertain | ||
* earth: thi /nulmaf | * earth: thi /nulmaf | ||
* cloud: küt /sku | * cloud: küt /sku | ||
| Line 489: | Line 494: | ||
* smoke: féu /feo | * smoke: féu /feo | ||
* fire: féu /feo | * fire: féu /feo | ||
* ash: daeféu / | * ash: daeféu /uncertain | ||
* to burn: tocféu tue /feol | * to burn: tocféu tue /feol | ||
* road: vei /vec | * road: vei /vec | ||
* mountain: | * mountain: uncertain /mon | ||
* red: hrot /rod | * red: hrot /rod | ||
* green: léu /crn | * green: léu /crn | ||
| Line 504: | Line 509: | ||
* cold: íels /chl | * cold: íels /chl | ||
* full: buk /ful | * full: buk /ful | ||
* new: bil / | * new: bil /uncertain | ||
* old: né bil / | * old: né bil /uncertain | ||
* good: hhim /bim | * good: hhim /bim | ||
* bad: né hhim / | * bad: né hhim /uncertain | ||
* rotten: tocel nae / | * rotten: tocel nae /uncertain | ||
* dirty: mud / | * dirty: mud /uncertain | ||
* straight: bim / | * straight: bim /uncertain | ||
* round: kadbal / | * round: kadbal /uncertain | ||
* sharp (as a knife): dis / | * sharp (as a knife): dis /uncertain | ||
* dull (as a knife): dos / | * dull (as a knife): dos /uncertain | ||
* smooth: dilel / | * smooth: dilel /uncertain | ||
* wet: súmmuí /vods | * wet: súmmuí /vods | ||
* dry: sekal /sek | * dry: sekal /sek | ||
* correct: bim / | * correct: bim /uncertain | ||
* near: tocmas / | * near: tocmas /uncertain | ||
* far: naemas / | * far: naemas /uncertain | ||
* right: hris /rec | * right: hris /rec | ||
* left: chol /lic | * left: chol /lic | ||
* at: tzúi /zui,tui | * at: tzúi /zui,tui | ||
* in: lhea /ins | * in: lhea /ins | ||
* with: múi | * with: múi /mui | ||
* and: e,elk /elk | * and: e,elk /elk | ||
* if: o,sôm /som | * if: o,sôm /som | ||
Revision as of 16:12, 11 January 2019
As for introduction of lekma /ˈleχmɐ/, it is a conlang, my reason to constructure a miniature language is, to make is a way to learn about languages, also to know languages has much affect on it, so it is under construction. Thanks for visitting this site. A lekma structure is as follows, an interjection/connection + an agent × an object × a verb + a subject/topic × a particle.
± Attributions adnoun + noun. // adverb + verb. // noun + adnoun clause. //verb + adverb clause. // noun + adjectifier + main noun. // prefix + noun. // noun + suffix. // noun + suffix + adjectifier + main noun. // affix × noun + particle. // particle + affix × noun. // affix × noun + adjectifier + main noun + particle. // sub clause + main clause.
Phonology
Graphemes are listed below the each phonemes.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m m |
n n |
ɳ nr |
ɲ nh |
ŋ un,-nn |
||||
| Plosive | p b b,ff b,rb |
t d t,d,tt d,rd |
k g c,k c,rc |
ʔ kk,` | |||||
| Affricate | t͡s tz |
ʈ͡ʂ tr |
t͡ɕ th |
||||||
| Fricative | f f |
θ cz* |
s // ʃ s // sh |
ʂ sr |
ɕ sh* |
χ -k,ch |
ɦ hh | ||
| Approximant | ʋ v,u- |
j i- |
|||||||
| Trill | ʀ hr |
||||||||
| Flap or tap | ɾ l,-r |
||||||||
| Lateral app. | l l |
ʎ lh |
These with * are rare.
Vowels
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i y i ü |
ɨ ui,î |
ɯ u û u | ||
| Mid-open | e ø e,ä ö |
ɐ a,â,e,ë |
ʌ o ô o | ||
| Open | ä a |
There are two ways distinction by vowel length.
Phonotactics
± phonotactics *development - C
- k
- t
- lh
- sr
- nr
- V
- a:allophone;â
- á:allophones;ae;ai;oa
- e
- é:allophones;ei;é;ea
- i
- î
- í
- o
- ö:allophones;eu;oi
- ó:allophone;ou
- u
- ü
- ú:allophones;;ue;ua;uo
- C
- nn
- h
- tz
- cz
- t
- ns
- −vowel length lk
- −vowel length ks
- sk
Morphemes
± It is applied inter parts of speech - s-
- n-
- a-
- -a
- -e
- -s
- -as
- -es
- -n
- -en
- -ns
- -ens
- -r
- -l
- -t
- -d
- -ls
- -ts
- -ds
- -er
- -el
- -et
- -at
- -ad
- -els
- -ets
- -ats
- -ads
- -nd
- -nt
- -nds
- -nts
===Declension===
| noun root | word | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the agent of a transitive verb | the subject/locative of an intransitive verb | the direct/indirect object of a verb | possessive form | plural form | plural possessive form | ||
| uac/ʋɐk/ | sac/sɐk/ | nac/nɐk/ | uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk] | ács/ʔäks/ | sácen,nácen,ácen/ʔäːgen/ | ácens/ʔäːgens/ | I |
| uue/ʋyː/ | sü/syː/ | nü/nyː/ | uü/ʋyː/[ʔyː] | uües/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs] | süen,nüen,ʋüen/ʋyːen/ | uüens/ʔyːens/ | You |
| hia/ɦiä/ | íasaé/ɦiänsäe/ | íanaé/ɦiänäe/ | hhia/ɦiä/ | ías/ɦiäs/ | sian,nian,ían/ɦiän/ | íans/ɦiäns/ | They (singular) |
| hae/ʋae/ | aesaé/ʔaesäe/ | aenaé/ʔaenäe/ | àe/ʔae/ | àes/ʔais/ | saen,naen,àen/ʔain/ | àens/ʔaens/ | Thing |
===Conjugation===
| verb root | indicative form | subjunctive form | connective form | noun-like form | word | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present/habitual | the motion is futural | -ing, /if | the motion is incomplete | the motion is completed | ||
| sel/sel/ | ser/sel/,[seɾ] | seat/seɦät/ | sád/säːt/ | selínda/selindɐ/ | selínt/selint/ | be |
| bal/bäl/ | bar/bäl/,[bäɾ] | baat/päɦät/ | bád/päːt/ | balínda/pälindɐ/[bäˈindɐ] | balínt/pälint/[bäˈint] | have |
| tel/tel/ | ter/tel/,[teɾ] | teat/teɦät/ | tád/täːt/ | telínda/telindɐ/[teˈindɐ] | telínt/telint/[teˈint] | hang,raise |
===Lexicon===
± reading basis /visual basis *development - I: kkac /uac
- you (singular): kküe /uue
- he: hhonn /han
- we: kkácen /nacen
- you (plural): kküeen /nuen
- they: hhia /hia
- this : torce /toc,hia,dui
- that: kkáe /hae
- here: tocma /tcm
- there: àema /aem
- who: hhia,lhia /lia
- what: kva /kva
- where: kvime /kvm
- when: kvatzuí /kvn
- how: kvamuí /kvi
- not: né /nei
- all: àen /aen
- many: àens /aens
- some: de àen /duiaen
- few: làes /leas
- other: né daes /neidae
- one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ena,esa
- two: tzue /dva
- three: mal /mal
- four: cut /cut
- five: unal /hal
- big: lhens /ae
- long: naelhens /uncertain
- wide: daesbala /uncertain
- thick: bala /uncertain
- heavy: né fie /neifias
- small: uncertain /tis
- short: kul /uncertain
- narrow: tis /tsm
- thin: kadtis /uncertain
- woman: lhúa /lua
- man (adult male): lhúa /lua
- man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo
- child: uncertain /tisluo
- wife: uncertain /mama dae kús
- husband: uncertain /tata dae kús
- mother: máma /mam
- father: táta /tat
- animal: this /uncertain
- fish: uncertain /fsk
- bird: tofie /tfl
- dog: cúon /chn
- louse: uncertain /lus
- snake: uncertain /lam
- worm: hhom /orm
- tree: uncertain /bim
- forest: uncertain /bsk
- stick: baunel /uncertain
- fruit: fam /flm
- seed: fam /uncertain
- leaf: hhüo /lif
- root: lád /lad
- bark (of a tree): uncertain /bim dui iunclish bark
- flower: uncertain /lili
- grass: ladlili /uncertain
- rope: sinn /uncertain
- skin: bäl /uncertain
- meat: salk /slk
- blood: salk /uncertain
- bone: lám /uncertain
- fat (noun): bét /fat
- egg: ais /uncertain
- horn: kol /krn
- tail: lámen /lam
- feather: fie /fli
- hair: tetr /khr
- head: uncertain /cab
- ear: olhen /orh
- eye: ain /oin
- nose: nes /nez
- mouth: uncertain /lif
- tooth: tzann /fnc
- tongue (organ): tzann /zau
- fingernail: tzann /fau
- foot: uncertain /bam
- leg: uncertain /bam
- knee: baim /uncertain
- hand: tec /tek
- wing: fiem /fli
- belly: mac /uncertain
- guts: mac /uncertain
- neck: nec /uncertain
- back: tzüc /ruc
- breast: bec /fec
- heart: kel /kor
- liver: kel /uncertain
- to drink: sifel /drk
- to eat: nem /nhm
- to bite: tzaunel /tnf
- to suck: sifel /uncertain
- to spit: nemel /uncertain
- to vomit: tue dae nems /uncertain
- to blow: bolel /uncertain
- to breathe: nesel /uncertain
- to laugh: hrak /rch
- to see: vis /ver
- to hear: sanhel /oir
- to know: can /cna
- to think: canel /dik
- to smell: nesel /uncertain
- to fear: bai /uncertain
- to sleep: bei /slf
- to live: súmel /uncertain
- to die: né súmel /uncertain
- to kill: sral /uncertain
- to fight: sral /uncertain
- to hunt: sral /uncertain
- to hit: láb /lfn
- to cut: kul /uncertain
- to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval
- to stab: binn /uncertain
- to scratch: skilel /uncertain
- to dig: binn /nem
- to swim: uncertain /svi
- to fly: uncertain /fei
- to walk: salkel /uncertain
- to come: hhim /clm
- to lie (as in a bed): lob /uncertain
- to sit: sidel /set
- to stand: hrec /tnd
- to turn (intransitive): silkel /uncertain
- to fall: feiel /fei
- to give: túe /tue
- to hold: hrantel /uncertain
- to squeeze: tzecal /uncertain
- to rub: vask /uncertain
- to wash: vask /uncertain
- to wipe: vaskel /vsk
- to pull: tec /uncertain
- to push: tec,ffon /uncertain
- to throw: tue toc náe /uncertain
- to tie: ticel /bnd
- to sew: ffinticel /uncertain
- to count: teltzif /uncertain
- to say: srua /seu
- to sing: séunel /seu
- to play: bil /sfl
- to float: lom /flt
- to flow: ae /flt
- to freeze: íelel /iel
- to swell: rcol /uncertain
- sun: hrá /uncertain
- moon: daehrá /mun
- star: lucz /trl
- water: súm /sumi
- rain: lein /rcn
- river: léne /len
- lake: léne /len
- sea: léneen /len
- salt: sala /slt
- stone: shè /stn
- sand: sahr /snd
- dust: hroma /uncertain
- earth: thi /nulmaf
- cloud: küt /sku
- fog: küt /foc
- sky: séo /sulmaf
- wind: fendas /vnd
- snow: nívas /snu
- ice: íelen /ais
- smoke: féu /feo
- fire: féu /feo
- ash: daeféu /uncertain
- to burn: tocféu tue /feol
- road: vei /vec
- mountain: uncertain /mon
- red: hrot /rod
- green: léu /crn
- yellow: col /clb
- white: hrát /vit
- black: dal /blc
- night: dal /nkt
- day: dis /dac
- year: iálen /zuames
- warm: nôk /vrm
- cold: íels /chl
- full: buk /ful
- new: bil /uncertain
- old: né bil /uncertain
- good: hhim /bim
- bad: né hhim /uncertain
- rotten: tocel nae /uncertain
- dirty: mud /uncertain
- straight: bim /uncertain
- round: kadbal /uncertain
- sharp (as a knife): dis /uncertain
- dull (as a knife): dos /uncertain
- smooth: dilel /uncertain
- wet: súmmuí /vods
- dry: sekal /sek
- correct: bim /uncertain
- near: tocmas /uncertain
- far: naemas /uncertain
- right: hris /rec
- left: chol /lic
- at: tzúi /zui,tui
- in: lhea /ins
- with: múi /mui
- and: e,elk /elk
- if: o,sôm /som
- because: fúi /kar
- name: námel /nam