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| '''*a''' || a || a, o || o, oi<sup>1</sup>
| '''*a''' || a || a, o || o, oi<sup>1</sup>
|-
|-
| '''*aʔ'''|| aa || ah, oh<sup>2</sup> || oː
| '''*aʔ'''|| aa || ah, oh<sup>2</sup> || oo
|-
| '''*ä''' || ä || e || ä, e
|-
|-
| '''*e''' || e, ea<sup>3</sup> || e || i
| '''*e''' || e, ea<sup>3</sup> || e || i
Line 73: Line 75:
| '''*eʔ''' || ee || eh || e
| '''*eʔ''' || ee || eh || e
|-
|-
 
| '''*i''' || i, e || i, e<sup>4</sup> || i, e<sup>5</sup>
|-
| '''*iʔ''' || ii || ih || e
|-
| '''*o''' || o || o || o, ?
|-
| '''*oʔ''' || oo || oh || oo
|-
| '''*u''' || u || u || ɒ
|-
| '''*uʔ''' || uu || uh || ʊ
|-
| '''*ü''' || ü || u || ʉ
|-
| '''*üʔ''' || üü || uh || ʉə
|}
|}
:* <sup>1</sup>: Before velar and uvular consonants in Lillian, e.g ''pid'''oi'''g''
:* 1: Before velar and uvular consonants in Lillian, e.g ''pid'''oi'''g''
:* <sup>2</sup>: Occurs in certain Elasian words such as ''szólim'' < *śalima, could be influenced by Lillian (cf. expected *''szalim'' with Lillian ''kjoolin'')
:* 2: Occurs in certain Elasian words such as ''szólim'' < *śalima, could be influenced by Lillian (cf. expected *''szalim'' with Lillian ''kjoolin'')
:* <sup>3</sup>: In trisyllabic words, Valian initial ''e'' breaks into ''ea'' when the next syllable contains ''a'', e.g. ''pead'' < *pétaqi
:* 3: In trisyllabic words, Valian initial ''e'' breaks into ''ea'' when the next syllable contains ''a'', e.g. ''pead'' < *pétaqi
:* 4: Only changes in the last syllable in Elasian, elsewhere ''i''.
:* 5. Lillian has changed the unstressed Proto-Tenarian ''i'' into a ''e'' in polysyllabic contexts, e.g. ''tooneg'' < earlier *taanigo < Proto-Tenarian *taʔnikos


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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| '''*q''' || k || k || q, g
| '''*q''' || k || k || q, g
|-
|-
| '''*ʔ''' || lengthens preceding vowel || h || causes gemination of nearby consonants
| '''*β''' ||| v || p || ø~h
|-
| '''*ʔ''' || lengthens preceding vowel || h || causes gemination of nearby consonants (not sonorants) and lengthening of the preceding vowel
|-
|-
| '''*ś''' || s, t (before velar stop) || t͡ʃ, d͡z || ɕ
| '''*ś''' || s, t (before velar stop) || t͡ʃ, d͡z || ɕ
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| '''*m''' || m || m || b, n
| '''*m''' || m || m || b, n
|}
|}
==Morphology==
Proto-Tenarian was a case-inflecting SOV language, with at least six cases, similar to [[Elasian]]. There were three numbers, singular, dual, and plural (as preserved somewhat in [[Valian]]). Proto-Tenarian appears to have been a nominative-accusative language.
The cases were:
* [[w:nominative|nominative]] -t, -ś(?), -ø (no suffix)
* [[w:genitive|genitive]] -a
* [[w:accusative|accusative]] -n(s)
* [[w:dative|dative]] -aʔiC
* [[w:instrumental|instrumental]] -äm(mi)
* [[w:locative|locative]] -(a)ʔi
The numbers were:
* [[w:singular|singular]] (no suffix)
* [[w:dual|dual]] -itü
* [[w:plural|plural]] -ini
==Vocabulary==
So far, a very limited set of words have been shown to be related between the languages.
{|
! Proto-Tenarian || Valian || Elasian || Lillian || English <sup>1</sup>
|-
| '''*tie''' || tee || te || tje || I
|-
| '''*kie''' || kee || ke || kje || you (sing.)
|-
| '''*nie''' || nee || ne || nje || he, she, it
|-
| '''*kaʔlʲaśa''' || kaalas || kályaz || kooljokj || celebration
|-
| '''*aʔra''' || aars || -ár || oor || great, big
|-
| '''*śajan''' || saya || szaj || kjojog  || badger
|-
| '''*mer''' || meri || meret || biź || sound
|-
| '''*śilima''' || silma || szilin || kjiljen || star
|-
| '''*taʔnikos''' || taankos || tónisz || tooneg || reindeer
|-
| '''*βaqa''' || vaag || paka || oig || tent, hut
|-
| '''*täʔ(s)''' || tää || tés || tee || snow
|-
| '''*uqu''' || uku || usz || ögö || one
|-
| '''*kekta''' || kehta || kesz || kidoig<sup>2</sup> || two
|}
: (Orthographic notes: <é á ó í> = /eh/ /ah/ /oh/ /ih/ /uh/ , <sz> = /t͡s/, <z> = /d͡z/ for Elasian entries, <y> = /j/ for Valian, <ź> = /ʐ/, <kj> = /ɕ/, /lj/ = ʎ/ and <ö> = /ɒ/ for Lillian.)
:* 1. This is a list of cognates, which share the same origin but not necessarily the same meaning. All definitions given in English are assumed to be as closest as possible to the original Proto-Tenarian meaning.
:* 2. Presumably from a form '''''*ketǎka''''' < *'''''kekta''''', which must be a Lillian innovation as both Elasian and Valian point to a consonant cluster (cf. El. ''kesz'' (ket͡s) < '''''**ketska''''' and Val. ''kehta'', where -ht- is a regular development from -kt-)
==Sample text==
{| class="wikitable"
! Proto-Tenarian  (Parras) !! IPA || English
|-
| '''śilmajaʔämmini əqwi wetnini tie raśnas ilmatie''' || /t͡silmai̯ɑʔæmːini əqʷi u̯etnini tʲe rat͡snas ilmatʲe/ || With the lights of the stars as my guides I go to the river
|-
| '''eʔi tie βaqaʔi täʔsi kaʔlʲaśaʔiC śajana uqu taʔnikon aʔran βaktatie''' || /eʔi tʲe βɑqɑʔi tæʔsi kɑlʲat͡sɑʔiC t͡sai̯ana uqu tɑʔnikon ɑʔran βɑktatʲe/ || here I wash one large reindeer by the snowy hut for the celebration of the badger.
|-
|}
The value of ś is assumed to be one of /t͡s/, /tʲ/ or /kʲ/ — it could be either of these. Parras assumes in his 2011 reconstruction that  '''/ś/''' corresponds to [t͡s] and views /a/ as alternating between a back [ɑ] and a front vowel [a] depending on environment.
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