Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions

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  A conlang lekma /ˈleχmɐ/ is an experimental language, that is a waypoint moving on to another waypoint through learning about languages.
  A conlang lekma /ˈleχmɐ/ is experimental, more or less a waypoint, moving on to another waypoint through learning about languages.
  The structure is as follows, a connection/focused word + an agent × an object × a verb + a subject/topic × a particle.
  The structure is as follows, a connection/focused word + an agent × an object × a verb + a subject/topic × a particle.


  Attribution type, adnoun + noun. // adverb + verb. // noun + adnoun clause. //verb + adverb clause. // noun + adjectifier + main noun. // prefix + noun. // noun + suffix. // noun + suffix + adjectifier + main noun. // affix × noun + particle. // particle + affix × noun. // affix × noun + adjectifier + main noun + particle. // sub clause + main clause.
  Attribution type, adnoun + noun. / adverb + verb. / noun + adnoun clause. / verb + adverb clause. / noun + adjectifier + main noun. / prefix + noun. / noun + suffix. / noun + suffix + adjectifier + main noun. / affix × noun + particle. / particle + affix × noun. / affix × noun + adjectifier + main noun + particle. / sub clause + main clause.


'''Consonants'''
'''Consonants'''


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 884px; text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! colspan="1" |
! style="width: 68px; "|Bilabial
! colspan="1" |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; "|Labio-dental
! colspan="1" |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; "|Dental
! colspan="1" |Dental
! style="width: 68px; "|Alveolar
! colspan="1" |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; "|Retroflex
! colspan="1" |Post­al-veolar
! style="width: 68px; "|Palatal
! colspan="1" |Retroflex
! style="width: 68px; "|Velar
! colspan="1" |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; "|Uvular
! colspan="1" |Velar
! style="width: 68px; "|Glottal
! colspan="1" |Uvular
! colspan="1" |Glottal
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
! style="text-align: left;"|Nasal
| m
| m
|  
|  
|  
|  
| n
| n
|
| ɳ
| ɳ
| ɲ
| ɲ
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|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
! style="text-align: left;"|Plosive
| p b
| p b
|  
|  
|  
|  
| t d
| t d
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
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| ʔ
| ʔ
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
! style="text-align: left;"|Affricate
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| t͡s
| t͡s
|
| ʈ͡ʂ
| ʈ͡ʂ
| t͡ɕ
| t͡ɕ
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|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
! style="text-align: left;"|Fricative
|  
|  
| f
| f
| θ
|  
| s // ʃ
| s
| ʃ
| ʂ
| ʂ
| ɕ
|  
|  
| ʝ
| χ
| χ
| ɦ
| ɦ
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
! style="text-align: left;"|Approximant
|  
|  
| ʋ
| ʋ
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| j
|  
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Trill
! style="text-align: left;"|Trill
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
| ʀ
| ʀ
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Flap or tap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral app.
! style="text-align: left;"|Lateral app.
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
| ʎ
| ʎ
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
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'''Vowels'''
'''Vowels'''


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="1" |
! style="width: 90px; "|Front
! colspan="2" |Front
! style="width: 90px; "|Near-front
! colspan="2" |Central
! style="width: 90px; "|Central
! colspan="2" |Back
!  style="width: 90px; "|Near-back
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|Back
!
! <small>short</small>
! <small>long</small>
! <small>short</small>
! <small>long</small>
! <small>short</small>
! <small>long</small>
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Close
! style="text-align: left;"|Close
| i y
| i y
|  
| iː yː
| ɨ
| ɨ
|  
|  
| ɯ u
| ɯ u
| uː
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Mid-open
! style="text-align: left;"|Mid-open
| e ø
| e ø
|  
| eː øː
| ɐ
| ɐ
|  
|  
| ʌ o
| ʌ o
| oː
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Open
! style="text-align: left;"|Open
|  
|  
|  
|  
| ä
| ä
|
|
|}
'''Lengthened vowels'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|Front
!  style="width: 90px; "|Near-front
!  style="width: 90px; "|Central
!  style="width: 90px; "|Near-back
!  style="width: 90px; "|Back
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Close
| iː yː
|
|
|
| uː
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Mid-open
| eː øː
|
|
|
| oː
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Open
|
|
| äː
| äː
|  
|  

Revision as of 18:14, 16 January 2019

A conlang lekma /ˈleχmɐ/ is experimental, more or less a waypoint, moving on to another waypoint through learning about languages.
The structure is as follows, a connection/focused word + an agent × an object × a verb + a subject/topic × a particle.

Attribution type, adnoun + noun. / adverb + verb. / noun + adnoun clause. / verb + adverb clause. / noun + adjectifier + main noun. / prefix + noun. / noun + suffix. / noun + suffix + adjectifier + main noun. / affix × noun + particle. / particle + affix × noun. / affix × noun + adjectifier + main noun + particle. / sub clause + main clause.

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post­al-veolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ ɲ ŋ
Plosive p b t d k g ʔ
Affricate t͡s ʈ͡ʂ t͡ɕ
Fricative f s ʃ ʂ ʝ χ ɦ
Approximant ʋ
Trill ʀ
Lateral app. l ʎ

Vowels

Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i y iː yː ɨ ɯ u uː
Mid-open e ø eː øː ɐ ʌ o oː
Open ä äː

Phonotactics

± phonotactics *development
C V C
k t ʔ ɦ lh sr ɲ ŋ a:allophone;â á:allophones;ae;ai;oa e é:allophones;ei;é;ea i î í o ö:allophones;eu;oi ó:allophone;ou u ü ú:allophones;;ue;ua;uo ɲ ŋ h tz cz t ns −vowel length lk −vowel length ks sk

Morphemes

± It is applied inter parts of speech
  • s- /sɨ/
  • n- /nɨ/
  • a- /ʔ/
  • -a
  • -e
  • -s
  • -as
  • -es
  • -n
  • -en
  • -ns
  • -ens
  • -r /l/
  • -l /l/
  • -t /t/
  • -d /t/
  • -ls
  • -ts
  • -ds
  • -er
  • -el
  • -et
  • -at
  • -ad
  • -els
  • -ets
  • -ats
  • -ads
  • -nd
  • -nt
  • -nds
  • -nts
===Declension===
noun root gloss
the agent of a transitive verb the subject/locative of an intransitive verb the direct/indirect object of a verb possessive form plural form plural possessive form
uac/ʋɐk/ sac/sɐk/ nac/nɐk/ uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk] uacs/ʔäks/ sacen/säːgen/,nacen/näːgen/,uacen/ʔäːgen/ uacens/ʔäːgens/ I
uue/ʋyː/ sue/syː/ nue/nyː/ uue/ʋyː/[ʔyː] uues/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs] suen/syːen/,nuen/nyːen/,ʋuen/ʔyːen/ uuens/ʔyːens/ You
hia/ɦiä/ hiasae/ɦiäsäe/ hianae/ɦiänäe/ hia/ɦiä/ hias/ɦiäs/ sian/siän/,nian/niän/,hian/ɦiän/ hians/ɦiäns/ They (singular)
hae/ʋäe/ haesae/ʔäesäe/ haenae/ʔäenäe/ hae/ʔae/ haes/ʔäes/[ʔäis] saen/säen/,naen/näen/,haen/ʔäen/[ʔäin] àens/ʔaens/ Thing 
===Conjugation===
verb root indicative form subjunctive form connective form noun-like form gloss
present/habitual the motion is futural -ing, /if the motion is incomplete the motion is completed
sel/sel/ ser/sel/,[seɾ] seat/seɦät/ sad/säːt/ selnd/selindɐ/ selnt/selint/ be
bal/bäl/ bar/bäl/,[bäɾ] baat/päɦät/ bad/päːt/ balnd/pälindɐ/[bäˈindɐ] balnt/pälint/[bäˈint] have
tel/tel/ ter/tel/,[teɾ] teat/teɦät/ tad/täːt/ telnd/telindɐ/[teˈindɐ] telnt/telint/[teˈint] hang,raise

Made texts 

*under development


Swadesh list

± reading basis *under development /visual basis
  • I: kkac /uac
  • you (singular): kküe /uue
  • he: hhonn /han
  • we: kkácen /nacen
  • you (plural): kküeen /uuen
  • they: hhia /hia
  • this : torce /toc,hia,dui
  • that: kkáe /hae
  • here: tocma /tcm
  • there: kkaema /aem
  • who: hhia,lhia /lia
  • what: kva /kva
  • where: kvime /kvm
  • when: kvatzuí /kvn
  • how: kvamuí /kvi
  • not: né /nei
  • all: àen /aen
  • many: àens /aens
  • some: de àen /duiaen
  • few: làes /leas
  • other: né daes /neidae
  • one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ina,isa
  • two: tzue /dva
  • three: mal /mal
  • four: cut /cut
  • five: unal /hal
  • big: lhens /uncertain
  • long: naelhens /uncertain
  • wide: daesbala /uncertain
  • thick: bala /uncertain
  • heavy: né fie /neifias
  • small: uncertain /tis
  • short: kul /uncertain
  • narrow: tis /tsm
  • thin: kadtis /uncertain
  • woman: lhúa /lua
  • man (adult male): lhúa /lua
  • man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo
  • child: uncertain /tisluo
  • wife: uncertain /mama dae kús
  • husband: uncertain /tata dae kús
  • mother: máma /mam
  • father: táta /tat
  • animal: this /uncertain
  • fish: fisk /fsk
  • bird: tofie /tfl
  • dog: cúon /chn
  • louse: uncertain /lus
  • snake: uncertain /lam
  • worm: hhom /orm
  • tree: uncertain /bim
  • forest: uncertain /bsk
  • stick: baunel /uncertain
  • fruit: fam /flm
  • seed: fam /sem
  • leaf: hhüo /lif
  • root: lád /lad
  • bark (of a tree): uncertain /blk
  • flower: uncertain /lili
  • grass: ladlili /uncertain
  • rope: sinn /uncertain
  • skin: bäl /uncertain
  • meat: salk /slk
  • blood: salk /uncertain
  • bone: lám /uncertain
  • fat (noun): bét /fat
  • egg: ais /uncertain
  • horn: kol /krn
  • tail: lámen /lam
  • feather: fie /fli
  • hair: tetr /khr
  • head: uncertain /cab
  • ear: olhen /orh
  • eye: ain /oin
  • nose: nes /nez
  • mouth: uncertain /lif
  • tooth: tzann /fnc
  • tongue (organ): tzann /zau
  • fingernail: tzann /fau
  • foot: uncertain /bam
  • leg: uncertain /bam
  • knee: baim /uncertain
  • hand: tec /tek
  • wing: fiem /fli
  • belly: mac /uncertain
  • guts: mac /uncertain
  • neck: nec /uncertain
  • back: tzüc /ruc
  • breast: bec /fec
  • heart: kel /kor
  • liver: kel /uncertain
  • to drink: sifel /drk
  • to eat: nem /nhm
  • to bite: tzaunel /tnf
  • to suck: sifel /uncertain
  • to spit: nemel /uncertain
  • to vomit: tue dae nems /uncertain
  • to blow: bolel /uncertain
  • to breathe: nesel /uncertain
  • to laugh: hrak /rch
  • to see: vis /ver
  • to hear: sanhel /oir
  • to know: can /cna
  • to think: canel /dik
  • to smell: nesel /uncertain
  • to fear: bai /uncertain
  • to sleep: bei /slf
  • to live: súmel /uncertain
  • to die: né súmel /meisumel
  • to kill: sral /uncertain
  • to fight: sral /uncertain
  • to hunt: sral /uncertain
  • to hit: láb /lfn
  • to cut: kul /uncertain
  • to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval
  • to stab: binn /uncertain
  • to scratch: skilel /uncertain
  • to dig: binn /nem
  • to swim: uncertain /svi
  • to fly: uncertain /fei
  • to walk: salkel /uncertain
  • to come: hhim /clm
  • to lie (as in a bed): lob /uncertain
  • to sit: sidel /set
  • to stand: hrec /tnd
  • to turn (intransitive): silkel /uncertain
  • to fall: feiel /fei
  • to give: túe /tue
  • to hold: hrantel /uncertain
  • to squeeze: tzecal /uncertain
  • to rub: vask /uncertain
  • to wash: vask /uncertain
  • to wipe: vaskel /vsk
  • to pull: tec /uncertain
  • to push: tec,ffon /uncertain
  • to throw: tue toc náe /uncertain
  • to tie: ticel /bnd
  • to sew: ffinticel /uncertain
  • to count: teltzif /uncertain
  • to say: srua /seu
  • to sing: séunel /seu
  • to play: bil /sfl
  • to float: lom /flt
  • to flow: ae /flt
  • to freeze: íelel /iel
  • to swell: rcol /uncertain
  • sun: hrá /uncertain
  • moon: daehrá /mun
  • star: lucz /trl
  • water: súm /sumi
  • rain: lein /rcn
  • river: léne /len
  • lake: léne /len
  • sea: léneen /len
  • salt: sala /slt
  • stone: shè /stn
  • sand: sahr /snd
  • dust: hroma /uncertain
  • earth: thi /nulmaf
  • cloud: küt /sku
  • fog: küt /foc
  • sky: séo /sulmaf
  • wind: fendas /vnd
  • snow: nívas /snu
  • ice: íelen /ais
  • smoke: féu /feo
  • fire: féu /feo
  • ash: daeféu /uncertain
  • to burn: tocféu tue /feol
  • road: vei /vec
  • mountain: uncertain /mon
  • red: hrot /rod
  • green: léu /crn
  • yellow: col /clb
  • white: hrát /vit
  • black: dal /blc
  • night: dal /nkt
  • day: dis /dac
  • year: iálen /zuames
  • warm: nôk /vrm
  • cold: íels /chl
  • full: buk /ful
  • new: bil /uncertain
  • old: né bil /uncertain
  • good: hhim /bim
  • bad: né hhim /uncertain
  • rotten: tocel nae /uncertain
  • dirty: mud /uncertain
  • straight: bim /uncertain
  • round: kadbal /uncertain
  • sharp (as a knife): dis /uncertain
  • dull (as a knife): dos /uncertain
  • smooth: dilel /uncertain
  • wet: súmmuí /vods
  • dry: sekal /sek
  • correct: bim /uncertain
  • near: tocmas /uncertain
  • far: naemas /uncertain
  • right: hris /rkt
  • left: chol /lnk
  • at: tzúi /zui,tui
  • in: lhea /ins
  • with: múi /mui
  • and: e,elk /elk
  • if: o,sôm /som
  • because: fúi /kar
  • name: námel /nam
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