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[[Ufirlandisg/Lexicon]]
[[Ufirlandisg/Lexicon]]


<!--  
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''ufirlandisg māl'' [ˈʊfʲɛːɫantʲɪsk ˈmɑːɫ] "highland-ish"; from PGmc {{recon|ubiri-land-iskaz}}) is an alternate history Germanic language whose phonology is partly inspired by Mandarin, Burmese and RP. It is spoken in our world's Austria, and belongs to the Thedic branch of Germanic like its sister [[Thedish]].


This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
==TODO==
Let me try Sino-RP in Germanic.


I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
Final -d, -d́ lenite to -:, -j > falling tone?
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.


-->
Final -t becomes glottal stop > rising tone
 
kw hw > p f
 
==Introduction==
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''ufirlandisg māl'' [ˈʊfʲɪrɫantʲɪsk ˈmɑːɫ] "highland-ish"; from PGmc {{recon|ubiri-land-iskaz}}) is an alternate history Germanic language whose phonology is partly inspired by Mandarin. It is spoken in the Pyrenee Mountains area (this world's southwestern France and northeastern Spain), and belongs to the Þiúdic branch of Germanic like its sister [[Þiúdьsk]].
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
 
<!-- Example categories/headings:
 
Goals
Setting
Inspiration
 
-->
 
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
 
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
 
-->


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar
!colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Retroflex
!rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Velar
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| '''m''' {{IPA|m}} || '''m&#769;''' {{IPA|mʲ}}
| '''m''' {{IPA|m}} || '''m&#769;''' {{IPA|mʲ}}
| '''n''' {{IPA|n̪}} || '''n&#769;''' {{IPA|nʲ}}
| '''n''' {{IPA|n̪}} || '''n&#769;''' {{IPA|nʲ}}
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
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| '''b''' {{IPA|p}} || '''b&#769;''' {{IPA|pʲ}}
| '''b''' {{IPA|p}} || '''b&#769;''' {{IPA|pʲ}}
| '''d''' {{IPA|t̪}}, '''z''' {{IPA|t̪s}} || '''d&#769;''' {{IPA|tʲ}}
| '''d''' {{IPA|t̪}}, '''z''' {{IPA|t̪s}} || '''d&#769;''' {{IPA|tʲ}}
| '''z&#769;, g&#769;''' {{IPA|tʃ}}
| '''dr''' {{IPA|tʂ}}
| '''z&#769;, g&#769;''' {{IPA|tɕ}}
| '''g''' {{IPA|k}}
| '''g''' {{IPA|k}}
|
|
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| '''p''' {{IPA|pʰ}} || '''p&#769;''' {{IPA|pʲʰ}}
| '''p''' {{IPA|pʰ}} || '''p&#769;''' {{IPA|pʲʰ}}
| '''t''' {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || '''t&#769;''' {{IPA|tʲʰ}}
| '''t''' {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || '''t&#769;''' {{IPA|tʲʰ}}
| '''c&#769;''' {{IPA|tʃʰ}}
| '''tr''' {{IPA|tʂʰ}}
| '''c&#769;''' {{IPA|tɕʰ}}
| '''c''' {{IPA|kʰ}}
| '''c''' {{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|
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| '''f''' {{IPA|f}} || '''f&#769;''' {{IPA|fʲ}}
| '''f''' {{IPA|f}} || '''f&#769;''' {{IPA|fʲ}}
| '''s''' {{IPA|s}} ||  
| '''s''' {{IPA|s}} ||  
| '''s&#769;''' {{IPA|ʃ}}
| '''sr''' {{IPA|ʂ}}
| '''s&#769;''' {{IPA|ɕ}}
|
|
| '''h''' {{IPA|h}}
| '''h''' {{IPA|h}}
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!<small>central</small>
!<small>central</small>
| '''w''' {{IPA|w}} || '''wi''' {{IPA|ɥ}}
| '''w''' {{IPA|w}} || '''wi''' {{IPA|ɥ}}
| '''r''' {{IPA|ɹ}} || '''r&#769;''' {{IPA|rʲ}}
| ||  
| '''r''' {{IPA|ɹ}}
| '''j''' {{IPA|j}}  
| '''j''' {{IPA|j}}  
|
|
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!<small>lateral</small>
!<small>lateral</small>
| ||
| ||
| '''l''' {{IPA|ɫ}} || '''l&#769;''' {{IPA|lʲ}}
| '''l''' {{IPA|l~ɫ}} || '''l&#769;''' {{IPA|lʲ}}
|
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{{PAGENAME}} has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position.
{{PAGENAME}} has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position.
Glottal reinforcement is used, as in RP.


When consonants written with an acute accent is followed by a vowel, the acute accent is replaced with an ''i'' (except with /i/ and /iː/).
When consonants written with an acute accent is followed by a vowel, the acute accent is replaced with an ''i'' (except with /i/ and /iː/).
* Broad /l/ is only dark in coda position


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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Semivowel onglides: '''ü u''' /ɥ w/
Semivowel onglides: '''ü u''' /ɥ w/


Diphthongs: '''ai iau iu''' /aj aw jəw/
Diphthongs: '''ai au iu''' /aj aw jəw/


In unstressed syllables, the hard vowels ''a, e'' correspond to the soft vowels ''ie/üe, i''.
In unstressed syllables, the hard vowels ''a, e'' correspond to the soft vowels ''ie/üe, i''.


===Tone===
Ufirlandisg, like Mandarin and Swedish, is a tonal language.
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
Primary stress is word-initial except for certain prefixes. There is secondary stress in every compound word component.
Primary stress is word-initial except for certain prefixes. There is secondary stress in every compound word component.
====Intonation====


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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-->
-->
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
{{PAGENAME}} nouns have 2 numbers and 4 cases, but the nominative has merged with the accusative, and the dative with the genitive. Unusually for a Germanic language, there is no grammatical gender. The endings are fairly conservative. However, there has been some conflation between different declension paradigms.
{{PAGENAME}} nouns do not inflect by case. Plurals are most often formed by tone change: ''dal'' /tal1/ 'valley', ''dale'' /tal2/ 'valleys'. Sometimes they are formed with ''-r'' (which amounts to adding a word final schwa): ''name'' /nam2/ 'name', ''namer'' /namə/ 'names'.
 
The indefinite article is indeclinable: ''e'' is used before consonants and ''en'' before vowels. The definite article is likewise always ''se''.
====a-stems====
Also includes the an-stem nouns (which have regularized their declension).
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | a-stem: ''dal'' 'valley'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''dal'' || ''dale''  
|-
! Genitive
| ''dale'' || ''dalem''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | a-stem: ''namen'' 'name'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''namen'' || ''namne''
|-
! Genitive
| ''namne'' || ''namnem''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ja-stem: ''baś'' 'berry'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''baś'' || ''basi''
|-
! Genitive
| ''basi'' || ''basim''  
|}
 
====Vowel stems====
This class also includes the former ō-stems and u-stems (whose stems end in a hard consonant) and former i-stems, īn-stems and z-stems (whose stems end in a soft consonant).
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ō-stem: ''nasa'' 'nose'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''nasa'' || ''nasar''
|-
! Genitive
| ''nasar'' || ''nasam''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | u-stem: ''süda'' 'custom'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''süda'' || ''südar''
|-
! Genitive
| ''südar'' || ''südam''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | i-stem: ''burzie'' 'birth'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''burzie'' || ''burzier''
|-
! Genitive
| ''burzier'' || ''burziem''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | īn-stem: ''langinie'' 'length'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''langinie'' || ''langinier''
|-
! Genitive
| ''langinier'' || ''langiniem''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | z-stem: ''lambie'' 'lamb'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''lambie'' || ''lambier''
|-
! Genitive
| ''lambier'' || ''lambiem''
|}
 
====r-stems====
This class includes only these kinship terms: ''fadier'' 'father', ''mādier'' 'mother', ''brāzier'' 'brother', ''ductier'' 'daughter', ''süesdier'' 'sister'.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | r-stem: ''fadier'' 'father'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''fadier'' || ''fadrar''
|-
! Genitive
| ''fadrar'' || ''fadram''
|}
 
====Other irregular nouns====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''muon'' 'man'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''muon'' || ''manier''
|-
! Genitive
| ''manier'' || ''muonam''
|}


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
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|-
|-
! nom.
! nom.
| ''jac'' || ''jūr'' || ''ir'' || ''sī'' || ''it'' || ''sum'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā'' || ''-''
| ''jac'' /jaʔ¹/ || ''jūr'' /joː(ɹ)¹/ || ''ir'' /ɛː(ɹ)¹/ || ''sī'' /ɕɪj¹/ || ''it'' /jɪʔ¹/ || ''sum'' /sʊŋ¹/ || ''jūr'' /joː(ɹ)¹/ || ''niā'' /njɑː(ɹ)¹/ || ''-''
|-
|-
! acc.
! acc.
| ''mic'' || ''jou'' || ''ina'' || ''ije'' || ''it'' || ''unś'' || ''jou'' || ''jā'' || ''sic''
| ''mic'' /mɪʔ¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''zina'' /tɕɪŋ²/ || ''zije'' /tɕɪj²/ || ''it'' /jɪʔ¹/ || ''unś'' /ũːɕ¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''ziā'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)¹/ || ''sic'' /ɕɪʔ¹/
|-
|-
! dat.
! dat.
| ''mir'' || ''jou'' || ''ime'' || ''jare'' || ''ime'' || ''unś'' || ''jou'' || ''imi'' || ''sir''
| ''mir'' /mjɛː(ɹ)¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''zime'' /tɕɪŋ²/ || ''ziarer'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)²/ || ''zime'' /tɕɪŋ²/ || ''unś'' /ũːɕ¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''zim'' /tɕɪŋ¹/ || ''sir'' /ɕɛː(ɹ)¹/
|-
|-
! gen.
! poss.
| ''mīn'' || ''jour'' || ''jas'' || ''jar'' || ''jas'' || ''unsier'' || ''jour'' || ''jara'' || ''sīn''
| ''mīn'' /mɪ̃j¹/ || ''jour'' /jɛː(ɹ)¹, jə(ɹ)¹/ || ''zias'' /tɕəs¹/ || ''ziar'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)¹/ || ''zias'' /tɕəs¹/ || ''unsier'' /ũːɕə(ɹ)/ || ''jour'' /jɛː(ɹ)¹, jə(ɹ)¹/ || ''ziara'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)²/ || ''sīn'' /ɕɪ̃j¹/
|}
|}


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Most adjectives take ''-a'' (for hard stems) or ''-ie'' (for soft stems) if it is definite OR plural: cf.  
Most adjectives take ''-a'' (for hard stems) or ''-ie'' (for soft stems) if it is definite OR plural: cf.  


*''se liawa watnie'' 'the lukewarm water'
*''se liawa watinı'' 'the lukewarm water'
*''liau watnie'' 'lukewarm water'
*''liau watinı'' 'lukewarm water'
*''se watnie iś liau'' 'the water is lukewarm'
*''se watinı iś liau'' 'the water is lukewarm'
*''māra bāce'' 'big books'
*''māra bāce'' 'big books'
*''se bāce iren māra'' 'the books are big'
*''se bāce ir māra'' 'the books are big'


The comparative and superlatives are formed by the suffixes ''-ier'' and ''-sd'': ''suōt, suōtier, suōtsd'' 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'.
The comparative and superlatives are formed by the suffixes ''-ier'' and ''-sd'': ''suōt, suōtier, suōtsd'' 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'.
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|-
|-
! "good"
! "good"
| ''gād''
| ''gād'' /kɑː²/
| ''batier''
| ''batier'' /patjə(ɹ)/
| ''basd''
| ''basd'' /paht¹/
|-
|-
! "bad"
! "bad"
| ''wōnig''
| ''druk'' /tʂʊʔ¹/
| ''wirsier''
| ''wirsier'' /ɥœːɕə(ɹ)/
| ''wirsd''
| ''wirsd'' /ɥœːht¹/
|-
|-
! "many"
! "many"
| ''fial''
| ''miciel'' /mɪt͡ɕəɫ/
| ''mēr''
| ''mēr'' /mɜː(ɹ)¹/
| ''mēsd''
| ''mēsd'' /mɤːht¹/
|}
|}


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====Thematic verbs====
====Thematic verbs====
=====-an verbs=====
=====-en verbs=====
This is the most productive class of verbs.
This is the most productive class of verbs.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''macan'' 'to make''''
|+ '''''maken'' 'to make''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jak/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''maca'' || ''macad'' || ''macan''  
| ''make'' [maʔ²] || ''maked'' [maʔkʰə(ɹ)]
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''macadie'' ||  ''macadie'' || ''macadien''
| ''makedie'' [maʔkʰɪj] ||  ''makedie'' [maʔkʰɪj]
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''macadi'' ||  ''macadi'' || ''macadin''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''maca!'' || ''-''
| ''-'' || ''mace!'' [maʔ²]
|-
|-
!colspan="4"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="3"| ''macand''
|colspan="2"| ''makend'' [maʔkʰənʔ]
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="3"| ''macad''
|colspan="2"| ''makedie'' [maʔkʰɪj]
|}
|}


Also: ''liaufan'' 'love', ''lirnan'' 'learn'
Also: ''liaufen'' [ljaʊfən] 'love', ''lirnen'' [ljɛːnən] 'learn'


=====-in verbs=====
=====-ien verbs=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''rēcin'' 'to reach''''
|+ '''''rēcen'' 'to reach''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jak/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''rēci'' ||  ''rēcid'' || ''rēcin''  
| ''rēce'' [ɹɤːʔtʃ²] ||  ''rēced'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰə(ɹ)]
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''rēcidie'' ||  ''rēcidie'' || ''rēcidien''
| ''rēcedie'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰɪj] ||  ''rēcedie'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰɪj]
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''rēcidi'' || ''rēcidi'' || ''rēcidin''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''rēci!'' ||  ''-''
| ''-'' || ''rēce!'' [ɹɤːʔtʃ²]
|-
|-
!colspan="4"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="3"| ''rēcind''
|colspan="2"| ''rēcend'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰənʔ]
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="3"| ''rēcid''
|colspan="2"| ''rēcedie'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰɪj]
|}
|}


Also: ''arbēdin'' 'work'; ''haurin'' 'hear'; ''lērin'' 'teach'; ''sagin'' 'say'; ''ertalin'' 'tell, recount'; ''ranin'' 'run (transitive), execute, set into motion'
Also: ''arbēdien'' 'work'; ''haurien'' 'hear'; ''lērien'' 'teach'; ''sagien'' 'say'; ''ertalien'' 'tell, recount'; ''ranien'' 'run (transitive), execute, set into motion'


Verbs like e.g. ''bringin, bragtie, bragt'' 'bring'; ''bugin, bugtie, bugt'' 'buy'; ''zancin, zagtie, zagt'' - 'think' form a small subclass of the ''-in'' verbs.
Verbs like e.g. ''bringin, bragtie, bragt'' 'bring'; ''bugin, bugtie, bugt'' 'buy'; ''zancin, zagtie, zagt'' - 'think' form a small subclass of the ''-in'' verbs.
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''bīten'' 'to bite''''
|+ '''''bīten'' 'to bite''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''bītie'' ||  ''bītied'' || ''bītien''  
| ''bīte'' /piːʔ²/ ||  ''bīted'' /piːʔə(ɹ)/
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''bēt'' ||  ''bēt'' || ''bēten''
| ''bēt'' /pɤːʔ¹/ ||  ''bēt'' /pɤːʔ¹/
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''biti'' || ''biti'' || ''bitin''
| ''biti'' /pɪʔɪ/ || ''biti'' /pɪʔɪ/
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bīt!'' ||  ''-''
| ''-'' || ''bīt!'' /piːʔ²/
|-
|-
!colspan="4"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="3"| ''bītend''
|colspan="3"| ''bītend'' /piːʔənʔ/
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="3"| ''biten''
|colspan="3"| ''biten'' /pɪʔən/
|}
|}
Also: ''sgīnen, sgēn, sginen'' 'shine', ''drīfen, drēf, drifen'' 'drive', ''clīfen, clēf, clifen'' 'stick, cling', ''rīten, rēt, riten'' 'write'
Also: ''sgīnen, sgēn, sginen'' 'shine', ''drīfen, drēf, drifen'' 'drive', ''clīfen, clēf, clifen'' 'stick, cling', ''rīten, rēt, riten'' 'write'


=====Strong class 2=====
=====Strong class 2=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''ciausen'' 'to choose''''
|+ '''''fliaugen'' 'to fly, flee''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jak/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ciausie'' ||  ''ciausied'' || ''ciausien''  
| ''fliauge'' /tʃaʊs²/ ||  ''fliauged'' /tʃaʊsə(ɹ)/
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''caus'' ||  ''caus'' || ''causen''  
| ''flaug'' /ˈkʰaʊs¹/ ||  ''flaug'' /ˈkʰaʊs¹/
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''curi'' ||  ''curi'' || ''curin''  
| ''flugi'' /ˈkʰʊɹɪ/ ||  ''flugi'' /ˈkʰʊɹɪ/
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''ciaus!'' ||  ''-''
| ''-'' || ''fliaug!'' /tʃaʊs²/
|-
|-
!colspan="4"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="3"| ''ciausend''
|colspan="2"| ''fliaugend'' / /tʃaʊsənʔ/
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="3"| ''curen''
|colspan="2"| ''flugen'' /ˈkʰʊɹən/
|}
|}
Also: ''biauden, baud, buden'' 'offer, bid', ''biaugen, baug, bugen'' 'bow', ''fliaugen, flaug, flugen'' 'fly', ''fliawen, flau, fluwen'' 'flee, escape', ''friausen, fraus, fruren'' 'freeze'
Also: ''biauden, baud, buden'' 'offer, bid', ''biaugen, baug, bugen'' 'bow', ''fliaugen, , flugen'' 'fly', ''fliawen, flau, fluwen'' 'flee, escape', ''friausen, fraus, fruren'' 'freeze'


=====Strong class 3=====
=====Strong class 3=====
Line 518: Line 338:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''binden'' 'to tie, to bind''''
|+ '''''binden'' 'to tie, to bind''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''bindie'' || ''bindied'' || ''bindien''  
| ''bindie'' || ''bindied''  
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''band'' || ''band'' || ''banden''  
| ''band'' || ''band''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''bundi'' ||  ''bundi'' || ''bundin''  
| ''bundi'' ||  ''bundi''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bind!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''bind!''  
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="7"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''bindend''
|colspan="4"| ''bindend''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''bunden''
|colspan="4"| ''bunden''
|}
|}


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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''biaren'' 'to carry''''
|+ '''''biaren'' 'to carry''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā'' 
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''biarie'' ||  ''biaried'' || ''biarien''  
| ''biarie'' ||  ''biaried''  
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''bar'' || ''bar'' || ''baren''  
| ''bar'' || ''bar''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''buri'' || ''buri'' || ''burin''  
| ''buri'' || ''buri''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''biar!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''biar!''  
|-
|-
!colspan="4"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="3"| ''biarend''
|colspan="2"| ''biarend''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="3"| ''buren''
|colspan="2"| ''buren''
|}
|}
Also: ''briaken, brak, bruken'' 'break', ''niamen, nam, numen'' 'take', ''piamen, pam, pumen'' 'come', ''sbriaken, sbrak, sbruken'' 'speak', ''sdialen, sdal, sdulen'' 'steal', ''hialpen, halp, hulpen'' 'help', ''driasg, drasg, drusgen'' 'thresh', ''sdiarf, sdarf, sdurfen'' 'die'
Also: ''briaken, brak, bruken'' 'break', ''niamen, nam, numen'' 'take', ''piamen, pam, pumen'' 'come', ''sbriaken, sbrak, sbruken'' 'speak', ''sdialen, sdal, sdulen'' 'steal', ''hialpen, halp, hulpen'' 'help', ''driasg, drasg, drusgen'' 'thresh', ''sdiarf, sdarf, sdurfen'' 'die'
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''giafen'' 'to give''''
|+ '''''giafen'' 'to give''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā'' 
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''giafie'' ||  ''giafied'' || ''giafien''  
| ''giafie'' ||  ''giafied''  
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''gaf'' ||  ''gaf'' || ''gafen''  
| ''gaf'' ||  ''gaf''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''giafi'' ||  ''giafi'' || ''giafin''  
| ''giafi'' ||  ''giafi''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''giaf!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''giaf!''  
|-
|-
!colspan="4"|
!colspan="4"|
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''grafen'' 'to dig''''
|+ '''''grafen'' 'to dig''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā'' 
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''grafie'' || ''grafied'' || ''grafien''  
| ''grafie'' || ''grafied''  
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''grāf'' ||  ''grāf'' || ''grāfen''  
| ''grāf'' ||  ''grāf''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''grafi'' ||  ''grafi'' || ''grafin''  
| ''grafi'' ||  ''grafi''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''graf!''  || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''graf!''  
|-
|-
!colspan="4"|
!colspan="4"|
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''witen'' 'to know''''
|+ '''''witen'' 'to know''''
! tense || ''jac/jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac/jūr/ir/sī/it/sum/niā''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''wōt'' || ''wōt''  
| ''wōt''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''witi'' || ''witin''
| ''witi''  
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''wisdie'' || ''wisdien''  
| ''wisdie''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''wisdi'' || ''wisdin''  
| ''wisdi''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''wit!''  || ''-''
| ''wit!''   
|-
|-
!colspan="3"|
!colspan="3"|
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''cunen'' 'can''''
|+ '''''cunen'' 'can''''
! tense || ''jac/jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac/jūr/ir/sī/it/sum/niā''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''can'' ||  ''can'' 
| ''can''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''cuni'' || ''cunin''
| ''cuni''  
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''cundie'' ||  ''cundien''  
| ''cundie''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''cundi'' ||  ''cundin''  
| ''cundi''  
|}
|}


Line 690: Line 510:


=====''magen'' 'may'=====
=====''magen'' 'may'=====
The present forms of this verb are derived from Gmc {{recon|''maganą''}} (~ Eng. ''may'', ''might''), and the past forms are from PGmc {{recon|''mōtaną''}} (~ Eng. ''must'').
The present forms of this verb are derived from PGmc {{recon|''maganą''}} (~ Eng. ''may'', ''might''), and the past forms are from PGmc {{recon|''mōtaną''}} (~ Eng. ''must'').
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''magen'' 'may''''
|+ '''''magen'' 'may''''
! tense || ''jac/jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac/jūr/ir/sī/it/sum/niā''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''mag'' || ''mag''  
| ''mag''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''magi'' || ''magin''
| ''magi''  
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''māsdie'' || ''māsdien''  
| ''māsdie''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''māsdi'' || ''māsdin''  
| ''māsdi''  
|}
|}


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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''wilen'' 'want to, will''''
|+ '''''wilen'' 'want to, will''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā'' 
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''wī'' ||  ''wīd'' || ''wīn''  
| ''wī'' ||  ''wīd''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''wili'' ||  ''wilid'' || ''wilin''
| ''wili'' ||  ''wilid''  
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''wildie'' ||  ''wildie'' || ''wildien''  
| ''wildie'' ||  ''wildie''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''wildi'' ||  ''wildi'' || ''wildin''  
| ''wildi'' ||  ''wildi''  
|}
|}


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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''biaun'' 'to be''''
|+ '''''biaun'' 'to be''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''sum'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''sum'' || ''niā''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''im'' || ''ired''/''ir'' || ''iś'' || ''irem''/''ir'' || ''iren''/''ir''
| ''im'' || ''ired''/''ir'' || ''iś'' || ''irem''/''ir'' || ''ir''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''sije'' || ''sijed'' || ''sijed'' ||  ''sijed'' || ''sijen''
| ''sije'' || ''sijed'' || ''sijed'' ||  ''sijed'' || ''sije''
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''was'' || ''wiēra'' || ''was'' || ''wiēra'' || ''wiēran''  
| ''was'' || ''wiēra'' || ''was'' || ''wiēra'' || ''wiēra''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''wiēri'' || ''wiēri'' || ''wiēri'' || ''wiēri'' || ''wiērin''  
| ''wiēri'' || ''wiēri'' || ''wiēri'' || ''wiēri'' || ''wiēri''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
Line 759: Line 579:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''han'' 'to have (auxiliary)''''
|+ '''''han'' 'to have (auxiliary)''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā'' 
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''ha'' ||  ''had'' || ''han''  
| ''ha'' ||  ''had''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''hafi'' ||  ''hafid'' || ''hafin''
| ''hafi'' ||  ''hafid''  
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''hadie'' ||  ''hadie'' || ''hadien''  
| ''hadie'' ||  ''hadie''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''hadi'' ||  ''hadi'' || ''hadin''  
| ''hadi'' ||  ''hadi''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''ha!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''ha!''  
|-
|-
!colspan="4"|
!colspan="4"|
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''dān'' 'to do''''
|+ '''''dān'' 'to do''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā'' 
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''dā'' ||  ''dād'' || ''dān''  
| ''dā'' ||  ''dād''  
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''diadie'' || ''diadie'' || ''diadien''  
| ''diadie'' || ''diadie''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''diadi'' ||  ''diadi'' || ''diadin''  
| ''diadi'' ||  ''diadi''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''dā!'' ||  ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''dā!''  
|-
|-
!colspan="4"|
!colspan="4"|
Line 814: Line 634:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''gān'' 'to go''''
|+ '''''gān'' 'to go''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā'' 
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''gā'' ||  ''gād'' || ''gān''  
| ''gā'' ||  ''gād''  
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''giang'' ||  ''giang'' || ''giangen''  
| ''giang'' ||  ''giang''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''giangi'' ||  ''giangi'' || ''giangin''  
| ''giangi'' ||  ''giangi''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''gā!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''gā!''  
|-
|-
!colspan="4"|
!colspan="4"|
Line 919: Line 739:
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
Word order is VSO, and VO in imperatives. Questions may use a question particle ''jez'' at the end, but this is optional.
Word order is SVO, and VO in imperatives. Questions may use a question particle ''jez'' at the end, but this is optional.


:'''''Iś sī mīn lēraŕ.'''''
:'''''Sī iś mīn lēraŕ.'''''
:''She is my teacher.''
:''She is my teacher.''


:'''''Giasdern giang jac bugin ubati.'''''
:'''''Giasdern jac giang bugin ubati.'''''
:''Yesterday I went to buy fruit.''
:''Yesterday I went to buy fruit.''


Line 935: Line 755:
Verbs are negated with ''nie'' placed before the verb:
Verbs are negated with ''nie'' placed before the verb:


:'''''Nie fersdanda jac huat sagid jūr.'''''
:'''''Jac nie fersdanda huat sagid jūr.'''''
:''I don't understand what you're saying.''
:''I don't understand what you're saying.''


Line 948: Line 768:
==Example texts==
==Example texts==
===Featured language banner===
===Featured language banner===
:'''''Zis sbriakmāl was ēns furrītid.'''''
:'''''Zis sbriakmāl was ēns furrigtid.'''''
:/tɕɪs sprʲaʔmɑːɫ was ɤ̃ːs foːrɪjtɪj/
:''This language was once featured.''
:''This language was once featured.''


:'''''Zank sīn miātar fullikhētar, fīnhētar auk brūklikhētar stamnidie it sic ta furrītin.'''''
:'''''Zank zias miāt af fullikhēt, fīnhēt auk brūklikhēt, sum sdamnidie it ta furrigtin.'''''
:/tsãʔ tɕəs mjɑːʔ əʊ fʊlɪʔɤːʔ, fɪ̃jxɤːʔ aʊʔ bɹʊuʔlɪʔɤːʔ sʊŋ stamnɪj ɪʔ tə foːrɪjtɪŋ/
:''Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage features, it has been voted as featured.''
:''Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage features, it has been voted as featured.''


Line 960: Line 782:
*''Gād nātie!'' [kaːt ˈnaːtʰʲɛ] - Good night!
*''Gād nātie!'' [kaːt ˈnaːtʰʲɛ] - Good night!
*''Wialkumen!'' [ˈɥœɫkʰʊmɨn] - Welcome!
*''Wialkumen!'' [ˈɥœɫkʰʊmɨn] - Welcome!
*''Jac hēta...'' [jac ˈhɤːtʰa...] - My name is...
*''Hēta jac...'' [ˈhɤːtʰa jak...] - My name is...
*''Zanke!'' [tsaŋkʰə] - Thank you!
*''Zanke!'' [tsaŋkʰə] - Thank you!
*''Mir/Unś iś rǖ.'' [mʲɪr/ʊnʃ ɪʃ rʲyː] - I'm/We're sorry.
*''Mir/Unś iś rǖ.'' [mʲɪr/ʊnʃ ɪʃ rʲyː] - I'm/We're sorry.
*''Jac sbriaka ēnć {{PAGENAME}}.'' - I don't speak {{PAGENAME}}.
*''Nie sbriaka jac {{PAGENAME}}.'' - I don't speak {{PAGENAME}}.


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
IlL
138,759

edits

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