Verse:Irta/An Indo-Iranian branch: Difference between revisions
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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]] | [[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]] | ||
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''d'allemañische Sprâçe'' /d‿al.me.ɲis p˭jaʊs/ or ''d'Allemañisch'') is a High German language spoken in [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]]'s | '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''d'allemañische Sprâçe'' /d‿al.me.ɲis p˭jaʊs/ or ''d'Allemañisch'') is a High German language spoken in [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]]'s Switzerland. It is inspired by German, Burmese, and French. | ||
Numbers: ''ein, zwei, drî, feaur, finf, sechs, siben, acht, neun, zên'' /eɪ̯ŋ, θwe, zi, føː, fiːf, seː, sə.bu, aɪ̯ʔ, nyŋ, θaɪŋ/ | Numbers: ''ein, zwei, drî, feaur, finf, sechs, siben, acht, neun, zên'' /eɪ̯ŋ, θwe, zi, føː, fiːf, seː, sə.bu, aɪ̯ʔ, nyŋ, θaɪŋ/ | ||
Final stops become glottal stops after a vowel, vanish otherwise | Final stops become glottal stops after a vowel, vanish otherwise | ||
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*''driñ'' /zi/ = in (preposition) | *''driñ'' /zi/ = in (preposition) | ||
*''de Schneau'' = snow | *''de Schneau'' = snow | ||
*''deutsch'' /dyts/ = [[Thedish]] | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Unusually for an L-European language, {{PAGENAME}} has phonemic voiceless nasals and resonants. Also unusual is the aspirated sibilant /sʰ/ (written {{angbr|''sch''}} or {{angbr|''tr''}}). | Unusually for an L-European language, {{PAGENAME}} has phonemic voiceless nasals and resonants. Also unusual is the aspirated sibilant /sʰ/ (written {{angbr|''sch''}} or {{angbr|''tr''}}). | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
''Cl'' = /Cw/? | |||
''r'' = /j/; ''kr, gr'' = /tɕ, dʑ/; ''k, g, ch'' + front vowel = /s, z, s/; ''ch'' = /x/ | |||
''s'' = /s/; ''z'' = /θ/; ''sch/tr'' = /sʰ/; ''str'' = /tɕ˭/; ''dr'' = /z/ | |||
''(sc)hm, (sc)hn, (sc)hl, (sc)hr'' /m̥, n̥, l̥, ʃ/ | |||
*''dez Hlauz'' /l̥aʊs/ = lot, fate | |||
''a'' = /a/, ''â'' = /aʊ/, ''âr'' = /aɪ/, ''au, aun, ou'' = /o~oʊ/ | |||
''e'' = /ɛ/ (/ə/ in unstressed syllables), ''ê'' = /aɪ/, ''eau, eaun'' = /ø/ | |||
''eu'' = /y/ | |||
''é, en, én'' = /e~eɪ/ | |||
''i'' = /ə/ | |||
''î, in'' = /i/ | |||
''u, un, an'' = /ɔ/ | |||
''û'' = /u/ | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Indefinite article: | Indefinite article: | ||
*''a/n' | *''a/n''' /ə~n‿/ singular | ||
''a'' is used before consonants, ''n''' before vowels | *''et'' əʔ~ə.tʰ‿-/ plural | ||
''a'' is used before consonants, ''n''' before vowels; e.g. ''a Sprâçe'' 'a language'; ''n'Esel'' 'a donkey' | |||
Definite article: | Definite article: | ||
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===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives: predicative ''-0'', attributive ''-e'' | Adjectives: predicative ''-0'', attributive ''-e'' | ||
*''Er stark.'' /e t˭ajʔ/ 'He is strong.' | *''Er ist stark.'' /e i t˭ajʔ/ 'He is strong.' | ||
*''a starke Mañ'' /ə t˭ɛk me/ 'a strong man' | *''a starke Mañ'' /ə t˭ɛk me/ 'a strong man' | ||
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Imperative: | Imperative: | ||
*''mache !'' /max/ 'do!' [ | *''mache !'' /max/ 'do!' [2sg] | ||
*''machez-irl !'' /maxtil/ [2pl] | |||
*''machons-wir !'' /maxuwi/ 'let's do!' | *''machons-wir !'' /maxuwi/ 'let's do!' | ||
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*''ich mache'' /əx max/ | *''ich mache'' /əx max/ | ||
*''du maches'' /du max/ | *''du maches'' /du max/ | ||
*''er/seu/ez | *''er/seu/ez machez'' /eː max/ | ||
*''wir machons'' /wiː maxu/ | *''wir machons'' /wiː maxu/ | ||
*''irl | *''irl machez'' /il max/ | ||
*''deul machent'' /dyl max/ | *''deul machent'' /dyl max/ | ||
Present progressive: | Present progressive: | ||
*''ich bî machen'' | *''ich bin bî machen'' | ||
*''du bî machen'' | *''du bis bî machen'' | ||
*''er bî machen'' | *''er ist bî machen'' | ||
*''wir bî machen'' | *''wir sins bî machen'' | ||
*''irl bî machen'' | *''irl sît bî machen'' | ||
*''deul bî machen'' | *''deul sint bî machen'' | ||
Past: | Past: | ||
*''ich ha | *''ich ha gemachez'' /əx hagəmax/ | ||
*''du has | *''du has gemachez'' /du hak˭əmax/ | ||
*''er/seu/ez | *''er/seu/ez haz gemachez'' /eː hak˭əmax/ | ||
*''wir hans | *''wir hans gemachez'' /wiː hɔŋəmax/ | ||
*''irl | *''irl haz gemachez'' /il hak˭əmax/ | ||
*''deul hant | *''deul hant gemachez'' /dyl hɔŋəmax/ | ||
Future tense: | Future tense: | ||
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*''leaube-ich'' /løbəx/ | *''leaube-ich'' /løbəx/ | ||
*''leaubes-du'' /løpt˭u/ | *''leaubes-du'' /løpt˭u/ | ||
*'' | *''leaubez-er'' /løpte/, ''leaubet-eu'' /løpty/, ''leaubet-ez'' /løptis/ | ||
*''leaubons-wir'' /løbuwi/ | *''leaubons-wir'' /løbuwi/ | ||
*'' | *''leaubez-irl'' /løptil/ | ||
*''leaubent-deul'' /løpt˭yl/ | *''leaubent-deul'' /løpt˭yl/ | ||
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*''habe-ich'' /habəx/ (different from uninverted form ''ich ha'') | *''habe-ich'' /habəx/ (different from uninverted form ''ich ha'') | ||
*''has-du'' /hat˭u/ | *''has-du'' /hat˭u/ | ||
*'' | *''haz-er'' /haθe/, ''hat-eu'' /haθy/, ''hat-ez'' /haθis/ | ||
*''hans-wir'' /hɔŋwi/ | *''hans-wir'' /hɔŋwi/ | ||
*'' | *''haz-irl'' /haθil/ | ||
*''hant-deul'' /hɔndyl/ | *''hant-deul'' /hɔndyl/ | ||
The verb '' | The verb ''nemen'' 'to take' is used as a passive auxiliary: | ||
*''ich | *''ich neme'' /əx nɛm/ | ||
*''du nimes'' /du nim/ | *''du nimes'' /du nim/ | ||
*''er | *''er nimez'' /e nim/ | ||
*''wir | *''wir nemons'' /wi nɛmu/ | ||
*''irl | *''irl nemez'' /il nɛm/ | ||
*''deul | *''deul nement'' /dyl nɛm/ | ||
The past forms are ''ha genomet, has genomet, ...'' in the passive sense. | The past forms are ''ha genomet, has genomet, ...'' in the passive sense. | ||
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*''ich bîze'' /əx p˭is/ | *''ich bîze'' /əx p˭is/ | ||
*''du bîzes'' /du bis/ | *''du bîzes'' /du bis/ | ||
*''er/seu/ez | *''er/seu/ez bîzez'' /eː bis/ | ||
*''wir bîzons'' /wiː bisu/ | *''wir bîzons'' /wiː bisu/ | ||
*''irl | *''irl bîzez'' /il bis/ | ||
*''deul bîzent'' /dyl bis/ | *''deul bîzent'' /dyl bis/ | ||
Past: | Past: | ||
*''ich ha | *''ich ha gebizez'' /əx hagəbəs/ | ||
*''du has | *''du has gebizez'' /du hak˭əbəs/ | ||
*''er/seu/ez | *''er/seu/ez haz gebizez'' /eː hak˭əbəs/ | ||
*''wir hans | *''wir hans gebizez'' /wiː hɔŋəbəs/ | ||
*''irl | *''irl haz gebizez'' /il hak˭əbəs/ | ||
*''deul hant | *''deul hant gebizez'' /dyl hɔŋəbəs/ | ||
====Class 2 strong verbs==== | ====Class 2 strong verbs==== | ||
Infinitive: | Infinitive: | ||
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*''ich fleauge'' /əx føg/ | *''ich fleauge'' /əx føg/ | ||
*''du fleauges'' /du føg/ | *''du fleauges'' /du føg/ | ||
*''er/seu/ez | *''er/seu/ez fleaugez'' /eː føg/ | ||
*''wir fleaugons'' /wiː føgu/ | *''wir fleaugons'' /wiː føgu/ | ||
*''irl | *''irl fleaugez'' /il føg/ | ||
*''deul fleaugent'' /dyl føg/ | *''deul fleaugent'' /dyl føg/ | ||
Past: | Past: | ||
*''ich ha | *''ich ha geflogez'' /əx hagəfɔg/ | ||
*''du has | *''du has geflogez'' /du hak˭əfɔg/ | ||
*''er/seu/ez | *''er/seu/ez haz geflogez'' /eː hak˭əfɔg/ | ||
*''wir hans | *''wir hans geflogez'' /wiː hɔŋəfɔg/ | ||
*''irl | *''irl haz geflogez'' /il hak˭əfɔg/ | ||
*''deul hant | *''deul hant geflogez'' /dyl hɔŋəfɔg/ | ||
====Class 3 strong verbs==== | ====Class 3 strong verbs==== | ||
Infinitive: | Infinitive: | ||
*''trinken'' / | *''trinken'' /sʰiŋku/ 'to drink' | ||
Imperative: | Imperative: | ||
*''trinke !'' / | *''trinke !'' /sʰiŋk/ | ||
Present simple: | Present simple: | ||
*''ich trinke'' /əx | *''ich trinke'' /əx sʰiŋk/ | ||
*''du trinkes'' /du | *''du trinkes'' /du sʰiŋk/ | ||
*''er/seu/ez | *''er/seu/ez trinkez'' /eː sʰiŋk/ | ||
*''wir trinkons'' /wiː | *''wir trinkons'' /wiː sʰiŋku/ | ||
*''irl | *''irl trinkez'' /il sʰiŋk/ | ||
*''deul trinkent'' /dyl | *''deul trinkent'' /dyl sʰiŋk/ | ||
Past: | Past: | ||
*''ich ha | *''ich ha getrunkez'' /əx hagətɕuŋk/ | ||
*''du has | *''du has getrunkez'' /du hak˭ətɕuŋk/ | ||
*''er/seu/ez | *''er/seu/ez haz getrunkez'' /eː hak˭ətɕuŋk/ | ||
*''wir hans | *''wir hans getrunkez'' /wiː hɔŋətɕuŋk/ | ||
*''irl | *''irl haz getrunkez'' /il hak˭ətɕuŋk/ | ||
*''deul hant | *''deul hant getrunkez'' /dyl hɔŋətɕuŋk/ | ||
====Class 4 strong verbs==== | ====Class 4 strong verbs==== | ||
Infinitive: | Infinitive: | ||
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Imperative: | Imperative: | ||
*'' | *''stirbe !'' /t˭iːb/ | ||
Present simple: | Present simple: | ||
*''ich sterbe'' | *''ich sterbe'' | ||
*''du | *''du stirbes'' | ||
*''er/seu/ez | *''er/seu/ez stirbez'' | ||
*''wir sterbons'' | *''wir sterbons'' | ||
*''irl | *''irl sterbez'' | ||
*''deul sterbent'' | *''deul sterbent'' | ||
Past: | Past: | ||
*''ich ha | *''ich ha gestorbez'' | ||
*''du has | *''du has gestorbez'' | ||
*''er/seu/ez | *''er/seu/ez haz gestorbez'' | ||
*''wir hans | *''wir hans gestorbez'' | ||
*''irl | *''irl haz gestorbez'' | ||
*''deul hant | *''deul hant gestorbez'' | ||
====Copula==== | ====Copula==== | ||
The copula is '' | The copula is ''sîn'' in the infinitive. Inverted forms of the copula exist, but only for pronominal subjects. | ||
Inverted copula: | Inverted copula: | ||
*'' | *''bin-ich'' = | ||
*'' | *''bis-du'' = | ||
*''ist-er'' = | *''ist-er'' = | ||
*'' | *''sins-wir'' = | ||
*'' | *''siz-irl'' = | ||
*''sint-deul'' = /sindyl/ | *''sint-deul'' = /sindyl/ | ||
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*''er was'' | *''er was'' | ||
*''wir wârons'' | *''wir wârons'' | ||
*''irl | *''irl wârez'' | ||
*''deul wârent'' | *''deul wârent'' | ||
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*''was-er'' /wase/ | *''was-er'' /wase/ | ||
*''wârons-wir'' /waɪwi/ | *''wârons-wir'' /waɪwi/ | ||
*'' | *''wârez-irl'' /waɪjil/ | ||
*''wârent-deul'' /waɪndyl/ | *''wârent-deul'' /waɪndyl/ | ||
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==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
===UDHR, Article 1=== | ===UDHR, Article 1=== | ||
''Alle Meñschen sint geboren frî und gelîch an Wirde und Rechte. Deul | ''Alle Meñschen sint geboren frî und gelîch an Wirde und Rechte. Deul nement begâben mit Vernunft und Gewizen, und ûf deim zu benemen an einander mit a Geist von Brouderligheit.'' | ||
/al miŋsʰu siŋ gəboju fji un gəlix | /al miŋsʰu siŋ gəboju fji un gəlix ɔŋ wiːd un jeɪt ‖ dyl nɛm bəgɔbu məʔ finuŋʔ un gəwəðu | un uf deɪŋ θu bənɛmu ɔŋ enandi məʔ ə geɪʔ fu bjodilikʰeɪʔ/ | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== |
Revision as of 19:51, 20 February 2019
Wortebouch (Lexicon)
Irta/An Indo-Iranian branch/Swadesh list
Irta/An Indo-Iranian branch (d'allemañische Sprâçe /d‿al.me.ɲis p˭jaʊs/ or d'Allemañisch) is a High German language spoken in Lõis's Switzerland. It is inspired by German, Burmese, and French.
Numbers: ein, zwei, drî, feaur, finf, sechs, siben, acht, neun, zên /eɪ̯ŋ, θwe, zi, føː, fiːf, seː, sə.bu, aɪ̯ʔ, nyŋ, θaɪŋ/
Final stops become glottal stops after a vowel, vanish otherwise
Todo
Some sentences:
- Ich spreche fon de Leaube und de Haz. [əx p˭jɛx fu də løb un də has]
- Ist'z daz du behaltes ez fur mir ? [it˭as t˭u bəhaltʰ əs fy mi]
- Wir leaubons him, darum wir fîrons sîn Inwîung. [wi løbu hiŋ dɔjuŋ wi fiju siŋ iŋwijuŋ]
- Ez git an mir Hunger. [əs k˭ət am mi huŋi]
- Hwaz ist'z daz ez ? [w̥að itað əs] "What is it?"
Sound changes:
- "pin-pen merger" (to /i/) before final weakening
Some words:
- de Deaumout /døy.moʊʔ/ = meekness, humility, submission
- deaumoutig /døy.moʊ.ti/ = meek, humble
- de Hnacken /n̊a.k˭u/ = neck
- nein /neɪŋ/ = no; neau /nø/ = not
- denken /diŋ.kʰu/ = think
- de Stein /t˭eɪŋ/ = stone
- de Schlange /l̥aŋ/ = snake
- de Himel /hi.məl/ = sky
- d'Eauligheit /ø.li.kʰeɪʔ/ = eternity
- eaulig /ø.li/ = eternal
- driñ /zi/ = in (preposition)
- de Schneau = snow
- deutsch /dyts/ = Thedish
Phonology
Unusually for an L-European language, Irta/An Indo-Iranian branch has phonemic voiceless nasals and resonants. Also unusual is the aspirated sibilant /sʰ/ (written ⟨sch⟩ or ⟨tr⟩).
Orthography
Cl = /Cw/?
r = /j/; kr, gr = /tɕ, dʑ/; k, g, ch + front vowel = /s, z, s/; ch = /x/
s = /s/; z = /θ/; sch/tr = /sʰ/; str = /tɕ˭/; dr = /z/
(sc)hm, (sc)hn, (sc)hl, (sc)hr /m̥, n̥, l̥, ʃ/
- dez Hlauz /l̥aʊs/ = lot, fate
a = /a/, â = /aʊ/, âr = /aɪ/, au, aun, ou = /o~oʊ/
e = /ɛ/ (/ə/ in unstressed syllables), ê = /aɪ/, eau, eaun = /ø/
eu = /y/
é, en, én = /e~eɪ/
i = /ə/
î, in = /i/
u, un, an = /ɔ/
û = /u/
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | voiceless | /m̊/ | /n̊/ | ||||
voiced | /m/ | /n/ | /ɲ/ | /ŋ/ | |||
Stop | plain | /pʰ/ | /tʰ/ | /tɕʰ/ | /kʰ/ | /ʔ/ | |
tense | /p˭/ | /t˭/ | /tɕ˭/ | /k˭/ | |||
voiced | /b/ | /d/ | /d͡ʑ/ | /g/ | |||
Fricative | voiceless | /f/ | /θ/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | /h/ | |
voiced | [v] | [ð] | /z/ | ||||
aspirated | /sʰ/ | ||||||
Approximant | voiceless | /w̥/ | /l̥/ | ||||
voiced | /w/ | /l/ | /j/ |
- /h/ may be written as either ⟨h⟩ or ⟨ch⟩; it is pronounced [x] after consonants.
Vowels
vowels: /a ə i u y ɔ~aʊ ɛ~aɪ e~eɪ o~oʊ ø~øy/, ~ denotes alternation.
The Allemañisch alternation is conditioned by the following rule:
- diphthongs before /ʔ, s, ŋ/ OR before nasals
- monophthongs otherwise?
The alternants are marginally phonemic, e.g. before consonants that don't alternate like /l, h/.
It originally came from the rule "diphthongs in closed syllables, monophthongs in open syllables" (plus diphthongization before /n, s/). This alternation operates after r, -nj > j and attendant vowel coloring.
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Liaison
Alternations upon suffixation
Morphology
Nouns
Indefinite article:
- a/n' /ə~n‿/ singular
- et əʔ~ə.tʰ‿-/ plural
a is used before consonants, n' before vowels; e.g. a Sprâçe 'a language'; n'Esel 'a donkey'
Definite article:
- de/d', dez, deu /d(ə), dəs~də.ð‿, dy/ (c.sg., n.sg., pl.)
Common nouns: -0/-e, -er
- de Frau, deu Frauer /də fjo, dy fjoji/ 'woman'
- de Hrabe, deu Hraber /də ʃap, dy ʃabi/ 'raven'
Neuter nouns: -0, -e
- dez Kind, deu Kinde /də siŋʔ, dy sint/ 'child'
Neuter n-stem nouns: -e, -en
- dez Name, deu Namen /dəs nam, dy namu/ 'name'
Adjectives
Adjectives: predicative -0, attributive -e
- Er ist stark. /e i t˭ajʔ/ 'He is strong.'
- a starke Mañ /ə t˭ɛk me/ 'a strong man'
Verbs
Like Yiddish, Allemañisch uses past participles instead of simple past forms in the past tense; however the auxiliary sîn was lost unlike in our timeline's German or Yiddish.
Infinitive:
- machen /maxu/
Imperative:
- mache ! /max/ 'do!' [2sg]
- machez-irl ! /maxtil/ [2pl]
- machons-wir ! /maxuwi/ 'let's do!'
Present simple:
- ich mache /əx max/
- du maches /du max/
- er/seu/ez machez /eː max/
- wir machons /wiː maxu/
- irl machez /il max/
- deul machent /dyl max/
Present progressive:
- ich bin bî machen
- du bis bî machen
- er ist bî machen
- wir sins bî machen
- irl sît bî machen
- deul sint bî machen
Past:
- ich ha gemachez /əx hagəmax/
- du has gemachez /du hak˭əmax/
- er/seu/ez haz gemachez /eː hak˭əmax/
- wir hans gemachez /wiː hɔŋəmax/
- irl haz gemachez /il hak˭əmax/
- deul hant gemachez /dyl hɔŋəmax/
Future tense:
- ich will machen, du willt machen, ...
Question marker: ist'z daz = /it˭as/ (e.g. Ist'z daz du leaubes mir ? /it˭as t˭u løp mi/ 'Do you love me?')
Inversion for questions is allowed for pronominal subjects only: e.g. Leaubes-du mir ? /løp t˭u mi/
- leaube-ich /løbəx/
- leaubes-du /løpt˭u/
- leaubez-er /løpte/, leaubet-eu /løpty/, leaubet-ez /løptis/
- leaubons-wir /løbuwi/
- leaubez-irl /løptil/
- leaubent-deul /løpt˭yl/
The past tense auxiliary han is inverted as follows:
- habe-ich /habəx/ (different from uninverted form ich ha)
- has-du /hat˭u/
- haz-er /haθe/, hat-eu /haθy/, hat-ez /haθis/
- hans-wir /hɔŋwi/
- haz-irl /haθil/
- hant-deul /hɔndyl/
The verb nemen 'to take' is used as a passive auxiliary:
- ich neme /əx nɛm/
- du nimes /du nim/
- er nimez /e nim/
- wir nemons /wi nɛmu/
- irl nemez /il nɛm/
- deul nement /dyl nɛm/
The past forms are ha genomet, has genomet, ... in the passive sense.
Class 1 strong verbs
Infinitive:
- bîzen /bisu/ 'to bite'
Imperative:
- bîze ! /bis/
Present simple:
- ich bîze /əx p˭is/
- du bîzes /du bis/
- er/seu/ez bîzez /eː bis/
- wir bîzons /wiː bisu/
- irl bîzez /il bis/
- deul bîzent /dyl bis/
Past:
- ich ha gebizez /əx hagəbəs/
- du has gebizez /du hak˭əbəs/
- er/seu/ez haz gebizez /eː hak˭əbəs/
- wir hans gebizez /wiː hɔŋəbəs/
- irl haz gebizez /il hak˭əbəs/
- deul hant gebizez /dyl hɔŋəbəs/
Class 2 strong verbs
Infinitive:
- fleaugen /føgu/ 'to fly'
Imperative:
- fleauge ! /føg/
Present simple:
- ich fleauge /əx føg/
- du fleauges /du føg/
- er/seu/ez fleaugez /eː føg/
- wir fleaugons /wiː føgu/
- irl fleaugez /il føg/
- deul fleaugent /dyl føg/
Past:
- ich ha geflogez /əx hagəfɔg/
- du has geflogez /du hak˭əfɔg/
- er/seu/ez haz geflogez /eː hak˭əfɔg/
- wir hans geflogez /wiː hɔŋəfɔg/
- irl haz geflogez /il hak˭əfɔg/
- deul hant geflogez /dyl hɔŋəfɔg/
Class 3 strong verbs
Infinitive:
- trinken /sʰiŋku/ 'to drink'
Imperative:
- trinke ! /sʰiŋk/
Present simple:
- ich trinke /əx sʰiŋk/
- du trinkes /du sʰiŋk/
- er/seu/ez trinkez /eː sʰiŋk/
- wir trinkons /wiː sʰiŋku/
- irl trinkez /il sʰiŋk/
- deul trinkent /dyl sʰiŋk/
Past:
- ich ha getrunkez /əx hagətɕuŋk/
- du has getrunkez /du hak˭ətɕuŋk/
- er/seu/ez haz getrunkez /eː hak˭ətɕuŋk/
- wir hans getrunkez /wiː hɔŋətɕuŋk/
- irl haz getrunkez /il hak˭ətɕuŋk/
- deul hant getrunkez /dyl hɔŋətɕuŋk/
Class 4 strong verbs
Infinitive:
- sterben /t˭eːbu/ 'to die'
Imperative:
- stirbe ! /t˭iːb/
Present simple:
- ich sterbe
- du stirbes
- er/seu/ez stirbez
- wir sterbons
- irl sterbez
- deul sterbent
Past:
- ich ha gestorbez
- du has gestorbez
- er/seu/ez haz gestorbez
- wir hans gestorbez
- irl haz gestorbez
- deul hant gestorbez
Copula
The copula is sîn in the infinitive. Inverted forms of the copula exist, but only for pronominal subjects.
Inverted copula:
- bin-ich =
- bis-du =
- ist-er =
- sins-wir =
- siz-irl =
- sint-deul = /sindyl/
Past tense copula:
- ich was
- du wast
- er was
- wir wârons
- irl wârez
- deul wârent
Inverted:
- was-ich /wasəx/
- was-du /wast˭u/
- was-er /wase/
- wârons-wir /waɪwi/
- wârez-irl /waɪjil/
- wârent-deul /waɪndyl/
Pronouns
The personal pronouns are as follows:
(The 2pl and 3pl nominative forms irl and deul are etymologically from *ir alliu 'you all' and *diu alliu 'they all'.)
case | 1sg. | 2sg. | 3sg. | 1pl. | 2pl. | 3pl. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
'he' | 'she' | 'it' (n.) | ||||||
nom. | ich /əx/ |
du /du/ |
er /e/ |
seu /sy/ |
ez /is, əs/ |
wir /wi/ |
irl /il/ |
deul /dyl/ |
obj. | mir /mi/ |
dir /di/ |
im /iŋ/ |
ir /i/ |
uns /us/ |
euch /yx/ |
deim /deɪŋ/ | |
poss. | mîn /miŋ/ |
dîn /diŋ/ |
sîn /siŋ/ |
unser /usi/ |
eucher /yxi/ |
deir /de/ |
- In questions that use inversion, eu /y/ is used instead of seu.
mîn, dîn, sîn are inflected as follows:
- sg. common mîn /miŋ~mi.n‿-/, sg. neuter mîz /mis~mi.ð‿-/, pl. mîne /min/
Syntax
Irta/An Indo-Iranian branch is SVO (not V2) and zero-copula.
Negation
The negative particle neau /nø/ is placed after a verbal phrase but before a predicative adjective:
- Ich haze dir neau. /əx haz di nø/ "I don't hate you."
- Ez neau grauz genoug. /əs nø dʑoʊs gənoʊʔ/ "It's not big enough."
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
UDHR, Article 1
Alle Meñschen sint geboren frî und gelîch an Wirde und Rechte. Deul nement begâben mit Vernunft und Gewizen, und ûf deim zu benemen an einander mit a Geist von Brouderligheit.
/al miŋsʰu siŋ gəboju fji un gəlix ɔŋ wiːd un jeɪt ‖ dyl nɛm bəgɔbu məʔ finuŋʔ un gəwəðu | un uf deɪŋ θu bənɛmu ɔŋ enandi məʔ ə geɪʔ fu bjodilikʰeɪʔ/