Ris/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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The '''Ris morphology''' is mainly morphologically [[w:fusional|fusional]] with a few [[w:agglutinative|agglutinative]] characteristics. [[Ris]] tends to be more suffixing than prefixing, and the fusionality often appears when suffixes cannot be stacked, but rather intermingle.
'''Ris morphology''' is mainly morphologically [[w:fusional|fusional]] with a few [[w:agglutinative|agglutinative]] characteristics. [[Ris]] tends to be more suffixing than prefixing, and the fusionality often appears when suffixes cannot be stacked, but rather intermingle.


{{Ris sidebar}}
{{Ris sidebar}}
Line 7: Line 7:


The Ris verbs agree with 4 moods, 6 aspects and 2 voices. It is split into two paradigms; one for each voice.
The Ris verbs agree with 4 moods, 6 aspects and 2 voices. It is split into two paradigms; one for each voice.
Three basic form of the Ris verbs is the supine. It acts like a verbal noun and most often ends in <-er> or <-a>. There are no tenses in the language.
====Active conjugation====
====Active conjugation====
The first paradigm is in the [[Ris#Active voice|active voice]]. The verbs are conjugated as follows. It is presented in the first person patientive singular, with a suffixed "-o".
The first paradigm is in the [[Ris#Active voice|active voice]]. The verbs are conjugated as follows. It is presented in the first person patientive singular, with the enclitic first  person pronouns.  


 
=====Positive paradigm=====
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 750px; text-align: center;"
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="5" scope="col"|''katḗr -'' to write
! colspan="5" scope="col"|''kater -'' to write
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="col"|
! rowspan="3" scope="col"|
! scope="col"|Supine
! scope="col"|Supine
| colspan="3" scope="col"|''katḗra''
| colspan="3" scope="col"|''kater''
|-
|-
! scope="col"|Participle
! scope="col"|Participle
| colspan="3" scope="col"|''katránta''
| colspan="3" scope="col"|''katramena''
|-
|-
! scope="col"|Indicative
! scope="col"|Indicative
Line 30: Line 32:
|-
|-
!Perfective
!Perfective
|ka.tə.ro
|ká.te.ro
''katḗro''
 
|ka.tər.ra
''katero''
''katḗrra''
|ka.tér.ra
|ka.tə.re.wa
 
''katḗreua''
''katerrha''
|ka.tər.ro
|ka.te.ríj.a
''katḗrro''
''katria''
|ka.tér.ro
''katerrho''
|-
|-
!Imperfective
!Imperfective
|ka.tə.ris.to
|ka.te.rís.to
''katrísto''
''katristo''
|ka.tər.ris.ta
|ka.tér.ris.ta
''katḗrrista''
''katerrhista''
|ka.tə.ris.twa
|ka.te.rís.tia
''katrístoua''
''katristia''
|ka.tər.ris.to
|ka.tér.ris.to
''katḗrristo''
''katerrhisto''
|-
|-
!Iterative
!Iterative
|ki.ka.tə.ro
|ki.ká.te.ro
''kikátro''
''kikatero''
|ki.ka.tər.ra
|ki.ka.tér.ra
''kikatḗrra''
''kikaterrha''
|ki.ka.tə.re.wa
|ki.ka.tə.ríj.a
''kikátreua''
''kikatria''
|ki.ka.tər.ro
|ki.ka.tér.ro
''kikatḗrro''
''kikaterrho''
|-
|-
! colspan="5"|Applicatives
! colspan="5"|Applicative forms
|-
|-
!Cessative
!Cessative
|ka.tə.ras.kho
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|ka.tə.rás.χo
''katráskho''
''katraskho''
|ka.tər.ras.kha
''katḗrraskha''
|ka.tə.ras.khe.wa
''katráskheua''
|ka.tər.ras.kho
''katḗrraskho''
|-
|-
!Inceptive
!Inceptive
|ka.tə.ri(.)zo
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|ka.te.ríz.o
''katrízo/katḗrizo''
''katrizo/katerizo''
|ka.tər.ri.za
''katḗrriza''
|ka.tə.ri.zwa
''katḗrizoua''
|ka.tər.ri.zo
''katḗrrizo''
|-
|-
!Benefactive
!Benefactive
|ka.te.ri.o
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|ka.te.rés.a
''katḗrio''
''katresa''
|ka.ter.ria
''katḗrria''
|ka.te.ri.wa
''katḗrioua''
|ka.ter.ri.o
''katḗrrio''
|}
|}


=====Negative paradigm=====
The negative conjugation of verbs is most often formed by infixing an <nowiki><-</nowiki>n<nowiki>-></nowiki> to the first or second consonant.


{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 750px; text-align: center;"
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="5" scope="col"|''mní -'' to see
! colspan="5" scope="col"|''kanther -'' not to write
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="col"|
! rowspan="3" scope="col"|
! scope="col"|Supine
! scope="col"|Supine
| colspan="3" scope="col"|''mnía''
| colspan="3" scope="col"|''kanther''
|-
|-
! scope="col"|Participle
! scope="col"|Participle
| colspan="3" scope="col"|''mnínta''
| colspan="3" scope="col"|''kanthramena''
|-
|-
! scope="col"|Indicative
! scope="col"|Indicative
Line 112: Line 100:
|-
|-
!Perfective
!Perfective
|mwi.o
|kán.θe.ro
''mnío''
 
|mwi.ra
''kanthro''
''mníra''
|kan.θér.ra
|mwi.wa
 
''mníoua''
''kantherrha''
|mwi.ro
|kan.θe.ríj.a
''mníro''
''kanthria''
|kan.θér.ro
''kantherrho''
|-
|-
!Imperfective
!Imperfective
|mwi.is.to
|kan.θe.rís.to
''mnī́sto''
''kanthristo''
|mwi.ris.ta
|kan.θér.ris.ta
''mnirísta''
''kantherrhista''
|mwi.is.twa
|kan.θe.rís.ti.a
''mnī́stoua''
''katristia''
|mwi.ris.to
|kan.θér.ris.to
''minrísto''
''kantherrhisto''
|-
|-
!Iterative
!Iterative
|me.mwi.o
|kã.kán.θe.ro
''memnío''
''kaukanthro''
|me.mwi.ra
|kã.kan.θér.ra
''memníra''
''kaukantherrha''
|me.mwi.wa
|kã.kan.θe.ríj.a
''memníoua''
''kaukanthria''
|me.mwi.ro
|ki.kan.θér.ro
''memníro''
''kaukantherrho''
|-
|-
! colspan="5"|Applicatives
! colspan="5"|Applicative forms
|-
|-
!Cessative
!Cessative
|mwi.as.kho
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|kan.θe.rás.χo
''mnískho''
''kanthraskho''
|mwi.ras.kha
''mniráskha''
|mwi.as.khe.wa
''mniáskheua''
|mwi.ras.kho
''mniráskho''
|-
|-
!Inceptive
!Inceptive
|mni.i.zo
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|kan.θe.ríz.o
''mnī́zo''
''kanthrizo''
|mwi.ri.za
''mníriza''
|mwi.ri.zwa
''mnírizoua''
|mwi.ri.zo
''mnírizo''
|-
|-
!Benefactive
!Benefactive
|mni.i.o
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|kan.θe.rés.a
''mnī́o''
''kanthresa''
|mwi.ri.a
''mníria''
|mwi.i.wa
''mnī́oua''
|mwi.ri.o
''mnírio''
|}
|}


==Mediopassive conjugation==
===Mediopassive conjugation===
The [[w:Mediopassive voice|mediopassive]] voice is created by prefixing ''an-'' to the verb, or sometimes ''en-''.
The [[w:Mediopassive voice|mediopassive]] voice is created by prefixing <an-> to the verb, or sometimes <ana->.


==Nominal==
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
====Declension====
====Declension====
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Ris independent personal pronouns are not compulsory in the language. Ris is as such a [[w:pro-drop language|pro-drop language]]. The pronouns decline according to 3 persons, 3 [[Ris#Number|numbers]], and 7 [[Ris#Cases|cases]].
Ris independent personal pronouns are not compulsory in the language. Ris is as such a [[w:pro-drop language|pro-drop language]]. The pronouns decline according to 3 persons, 3 [[Ris#Number|numbers]], and 7 [[Ris#Cases|cases]].


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 800px; text-align:center"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 800px; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="10"|Ris first and second personal pronouns
|-
|-
!Number→
!Number→
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! colspan="3" scope="col"|Plural
! colspan="3" scope="col"|Plural


! rowspan="3" scope="col"|Reflexive
|-
|-
!Person→
!Person→
Line 234: Line 209:
|''nai''
|''nai''


|''káne''
|''kane''


|''our''
|''our''


|''néra''
|''nera''


|''kéra''
|''kera''


|
|-
|-
!Agentive
!Agentive
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|''kau''
|''kau''


|''óuna''
|''ouna''


|''nau''
|''nau''


|''kéune''
|''keune''


|''ounár''
|''ounar''


|''náura''
|''naura''


|''kéura''
|''keura''


|
|-
|-
!Dative
!Dative
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|''nes''
|''nes''


|''káne''
|''kane''


|''oui''
|''oui''
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|''kei''
|''kei''


|
|-
|-
!Instrumental
!Instrumental


|''ména''
|''mena''


|''kána''
|''kana''


|''kéna''
|''kena''


|''ouéna''
|''ouena''


|''nénas''
|''nenas''


|''kánan''
|''kanan''


|''ouenár''
|''ouenar''


|''nénai''
|''nenai''


|''kenár''
|''kenar''


|
|-
|-
!Locative
!Locative
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|''niou''
|''niou''


|''kóune''
|''koune''


|''our''
|''our''


|''nióura''
|''nioura''


|''kióura''
|''kioura''


|
|-
|-
!Genitive
!Genitive
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|''nias''
|''nias''


|''kiáne''
|''kiane''


|''ouiár''
|''ouiar''


|''niai''
|''nai''
 
|''kiára''


|
|''kiara''
|-
|-
!Vocative
!Vocative
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|''nei''
|''nei''


|''káne''
|''kane''


|''our''
|''our''
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|''ker''
|''ker''
|}


|
|}


The third person pronouns belong to the first paradigm of nouns, and are much more regular than the first and second person pronouns, although not completely regular. Like many other languages, Ris uses the third person pronouns to serve as demonstratives as well. In Ris' case, they are proximal demonstratives.
The patientive inanimate singulative pronoun also happens to be the [[Ris#The topic marker|Ris topic marker]].


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 800px; text-align:center"
! colspan="7"|Ris proximal demonstratives


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 800px; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6"|Ris proximal demonstratives
|-
|-
!Number→
!Number→
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! scope="col"|Plural
! scope="col"|Plural
! rowspan="3" scope="col"|Reflexive
|-
|-
!Person→
!Person→
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!Patientive
!Patientive


|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''en''
 
|


|''as''
|''as''


|
|''ante''
 
|''ar''


|
|''atai''
|-
|-
!Agentive
!Agentive


|
|''he''


|
|''hai''


|''aus''
|''atir''


|
|''antir''


|''áuras''
|''athe''
 
|
|-
|-
!Dative
!Dative


|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''enai''
 
|
 
|''as''


|
|''ati''


|''ar''
|''antai''


|
|''ata''
|-
|-
!Instrumental
!Instrumental


|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''ena''


|
|''atan''


|''ánas''
|''antan''


|
|''atanta''
 
|''árnas''
 
|
|-
|-
!Locative
!Genitive


|
|''hei''


|
|''hai''


|''au''
|''ai''
 
|


|''áura''
|''anti''


|
|''athi''
|-
|-
!Genitive
!Locative


|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''enou''


|
|''au''
 
|''ai''


|
|''antou''


|''er''
|''atouri''
 
|
|-
|-
!Vocative
!Vocative


|
|''he''


|
|''hia''


|''as''
|''as''


|
|''ante''


|''ar''
|''athi''
 
|
|}
|}


=====Enclitic=====
=====Enclitic=====
Ris enclitic personal pronouns are attached at the end of verbs, and indicate the subject and object of the verb. The object is only marked if it is not an [[w:apellative noun|apellative noun]].
Ris enclitic personal pronouns are attached at the end of verbs, and indicate the subject or agent of the verb.  


The enclitic pronouns only decline according to the [[Ris#Core cases|core cases]], the patientive and agentive.  
The enclitic pronouns only decline according to the [[Ris#Core cases|core cases]], the patientive and agentive.  


*If the subject is in full control of its actions, it is marked with the [[Ris#Agentive|agentive]]. If it is not, it gets the [[Ris#Patientive|patientive]].  
*If the subject is in full control of its actions, it is marked with the [[Ris#Agentive|agentive]]. If it is not, it gets the [[Ris#Patientive|patientive]].  
*The object is always in the patientive.


The indicative enclitics are used when the verb is in the [[Ris#Indicative|indicative]] or [[Ris#Jussive|jussive]] moods, and the subjunctive when it is in the [[Ris#Subjunctive|subjunctive]] or [[Ris#Imperative|imperative]].
The indicative enclitics are used when the verb is in the [[Ris#Indicative|indicative]] or [[Ris#Imperative|Imperative]] moods, and the subjunctive when it is either in the [[Ris#Subjunctive|subjunctive]] or in the [[Ris#Potential|Potential]].




{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 750px; text-align: center;"
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 750px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="13" scope="col"|Ris pronominal enclitics
! colspan="13" scope="col"|Ris pronominal enclitics
Line 566: Line 512:


|''-o''
|''-o''
|''-ei''


|''-a''
|''-a''
|''-i''


|''-on''
|''-on''


|''-''
|''-ai''


|''-an''
|''-eni''


|''-in''
|''-ani''


|''-ouna''
|''-ouna''


|''-''
|''anai''


|''-ana''
|''-ana''
Line 591: Line 537:


|''-os''
|''-os''
|''-es''


|''-as''
|''-as''


|''-is''
|''-onta''


|''-onta''
|''-es''


|''-''
|''-enta''


|''-anta''
|''-anta''


|''-inta''
|''-ounas''


|''-ounas''
|''-anes''


|''-''
|''-ines''


|''-anas''
|''-anas''
|''-ines''


|-
|-
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|''-or''
|''-or''


|''-''
|''er''


|''-ar''
|''-ar''
Line 638: Line 584:
|''-ora''
|''-ora''


|''-''
|''era''


|''-ara''
|''-ara''
Line 653: Line 599:
|''-ouis''
|''-ouis''


|''-ostra''
|''-oster''


|''-''
|''-ester''


|''-astra''
|''-aster''


|''-istra''
|''-ister''


|''-ora''
|''-ostra''


|''-''
|''-estra''


|''-ara''
|''-astra''


|''-ira''
|''-istra''


|-
|-
Line 686: Line 632:
*C[+plosive, -nas, -asp, -voice] > C[+plosive, -nas, +asp, -voice] / C[+plosive, -nas, -asp, -voice, +hom]_V
*C[+plosive, -nas, -asp, -voice] > C[+plosive, -nas, +asp, -voice] / C[+plosive, -nas, -asp, -voice, +hom]_V
=====First paradigm=====
=====First paradigm=====
Dated, but the inflexion ought to work for the relay. Nouns ending in <-n> recieve a stem of <-nta>, in the declensions.
The singulative corresponds to singular, the plurative to plural, and the collective is nowadays called the plural indefinite.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible  mw-collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align:center;"
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible  mw-collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="4"|''kḗrax'' - bird
! colspan="4"|''kḗrax'' - bird
Line 763: Line 712:
! scope="row"|
! scope="row"|
! scope="col"|gȳ́p-
! scope="col"|gȳ́p-
! scope="col"|gȳ́ps - friend-to-be
! scope="col"|gȳ́ps - friend-to-be; kin
! scope="col"|ma-an
! scope="col"|ma-an
|-
|-
Line 774: Line 723:
|gup.əs
|gup.əs
''gȳ́ps''
''gȳ́ps''
|gup.nəs
|guph.nəs
''gȳ́pne''
''gȳ́pne''
|gup.ais
|guph.ais
''gȳ́pai''
''gȳ́phai''
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Agentive
! scope="row"|Agentive
|gup.əis.ə
|gup.əis.ə
''gȳ́pir''
''gȳ́phir''
|gup.nəis.ə
|gup.nəis.ə
''gȳ́pnir''
''gȳ́pnir''
Line 789: Line 738:
! scope="row"|Dative
! scope="row"|Dative
|gup.ais
|gup.ais
''gȳ́pai''
''gȳ́phai''
|gup.nais
|gup.nais
''gȳ́pnai''
''gȳ́pnai''
Line 797: Line 746:
! scope="row"|Instrumental
! scope="row"|Instrumental
|gup.ans
|gup.ans
''gȳ́pan''
''gȳ́phan''
|gup.nans
|gup.nans
''gȳ́pnan''
''gȳ́pnan''
|gup.ans.ai
|gup.ans.ai
''gȳ́panta''
''gȳ́phanta''
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Genitive
! scope="row"|Genitive
|gup.əis
|gup.əis
''gȳ́pi''
''gȳ́phi''
|gup.nəis
|gup.nəis
''gȳ́pni''
''gȳ́pni''
Line 813: Line 762:
! scope="row"|Locative
! scope="row"|Locative
|gup.os
|gup.os
''gȳ́pou''
''gȳ́phou''
|gup.nos
|gup.nos
''gȳ́pnou''
''gȳ́pnou''
|gup.os.əi
|gup.os.əi
''gȳ́pouri''
''gȳ́phouri''
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Vocative
! scope="row"|Vocative
|gup.əs
|gup.əs
''goupá''
''gouphá''
|gup.əs
|gup.əs
''gȳ́pne''
''gȳ́pne''
|gup.əs.əi
|gup.əs.əi
''goupéri''
''gouphéri''
|}
|}


Line 1,181: Line 1,130:
''spatī́ere''
''spatī́ere''
|}
|}
====Number====
Ris has three numbers, all of which are equally common in the language. The Ris numbers are different to those of English, instead using a so-called [[w:singulative number|collective-singulative]] distinction.
The distinction infers that the basic form of a noun is the [[w:collective number|collective]], which is indifferent to the number and unmarked. However, in Ris, the collective form has an additional meaning, and can also signify [[w:dual number|dual]]s. It is thus the singulative that most often goes unmarked.
=====Singulative=====
The [[w:singulative|singulative]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.
{|  cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em; border:1px solid #CCC; background:#f5f5f5"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"|'''thýo trḗ{{blue|ma}}'''
!
| colspan="4"|'''mnío {{blue|klī́ta}} mna'''
!
| colspan="5"|'''íntrai páki{{blue|ma}} ḗs?'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="4"|/ˈtʰʉ̩ɔ ˈtreːma/
!
| colspan="4"|/ˈmnɪ̩ːɔ ˈklɪːta mna/
!
| colspan="5"|/ˈɪntraɪ̯ ˈpakɪma eːs/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>thý</small>
|<small>-o</small>
|<small>trḗ</small>
|<small>{{blue|-ma}}</small>
!
|<small>mní</small>
|<small>-o</small>
|<small>{{blue|klī́ta}}</small>
|<small>mna</small>
!
|<small>ín-</small>
|<small>-trai</small>
|<small>paki-</small>
|<small>{{blue|-ma}}</small>
|<small>ḗs</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|to want
| -{{sc|ind.prfv.1.sg.m}}
|wheat.{{sc|unm.inan}}
| -{{sc|pat.{{blue|sg}}}}
!
|to see
| -{{sc|ind.prfv.1.sg.m}}
|wolf.{{sc|ma.an.pat.{{blue|sg}}}}
| one
!
|to be
| -{{sc|subj.prfv.1.sg.m}}
|time.{{sc|unm.inan}}
| -{{sc|pat.{{blue|sg}}}}
| you.{{sc|2.dat.sg.an.}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="4"| ''I want a grain of wheat.''
!
| colspan="4"|''I see a wolf.''
!
| colspan="5"|''Do you have a minute?''
|}


[[Category:Ris]]
[[Category:Ris]]

Latest revision as of 16:19, 16 November 2013

Ris morphology is mainly morphologically fusional with a few agglutinative characteristics. Ris tends to be more suffixing than prefixing, and the fusionality often appears when suffixes cannot be stacked, but rather intermingle.

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Waahlis



Verbal

Conjugation

Main article: Ris conjugation

The Ris verbs agree with 4 moods, 6 aspects and 2 voices. It is split into two paradigms; one for each voice.

Three basic form of the Ris verbs is the supine. It acts like a verbal noun and most often ends in <-er> or <-a>. There are no tenses in the language.

Active conjugation

The first paradigm is in the active voice. The verbs are conjugated as follows. It is presented in the first person patientive singular, with the enclitic first person pronouns.

Positive paradigm
kater - to write
Supine kater
Participle katramena
Indicative Subjunctive Potential Imperative
Aspects
Perfective ká.te.ro

katero

ka.tér.ra

katerrha

ka.te.ríj.a

katria

ka.tér.ro

katerrho

Imperfective ka.te.rís.to

katristo

ka.tér.ris.ta

katerrhista

ka.te.rís.tia

katristia

ka.tér.ris.to

katerrhisto

Iterative ki.ká.te.ro

kikatero

ki.ka.tér.ra

kikaterrha

ki.ka.tə.ríj.a

kikatria

ki.ka.tér.ro

kikaterrho

Applicative forms
Cessative ka.tə.rás.χo

katraskho

Inceptive ka.te.ríz.o

katrizo/katerizo

Benefactive ka.te.rés.a

katresa

Negative paradigm

The negative conjugation of verbs is most often formed by infixing an <-n-> to the first or second consonant.

kanther - not to write
Supine kanther
Participle kanthramena
Indicative Subjunctive Potential Imperative
Aspects
Perfective kán.θe.ro

kanthro

kan.θér.ra

kantherrha

kan.θe.ríj.a

kanthria

kan.θér.ro

kantherrho

Imperfective kan.θe.rís.to

kanthristo

kan.θér.ris.ta

kantherrhista

kan.θe.rís.ti.a

katristia

kan.θér.ris.to

kantherrhisto

Iterative kã.kán.θe.ro

kaukanthro

kã.kan.θér.ra

kaukantherrha

kã.kan.θe.ríj.a

kaukanthria

ki.kan.θér.ro

kaukantherrho

Applicative forms
Cessative kan.θe.rás.χo

kanthraskho

Inceptive kan.θe.ríz.o

kanthrizo

Benefactive kan.θe.rés.a

kanthresa

Mediopassive conjugation

The mediopassive voice is created by prefixing <an-> to the verb, or sometimes <ana->.

Nominal

Pronouns

Declension

Independent

Ris independent personal pronouns are not compulsory in the language. Ris is as such a pro-drop language. The pronouns decline according to 3 persons, 3 numbers, and 7 cases.


Ris first and second personal pronouns
Number→ Singular Dual Plural
Person→ 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd
Case ↓ Animate masculine Animate feminine Exclusive Inclusive Exclusive Inclusive
Patientive me ka kai ou nai kane our nera kera
Agentive eu keu kau ouna nau keune ounar naura keura
Dative mas kas kes ous nes kane oui nei kei
Instrumental mena kana kena ouena nenas kanan ouenar nenai kenar
Locative mou kou kiou ou niou koune our nioura kioura
Genitive mia kia ouia nias kiane ouiar nai kiara
Vocative me ka kei ou nei kane our ner ker


The third person pronouns belong to the first paradigm of nouns, and are much more regular than the first and second person pronouns, although not completely regular. Like many other languages, Ris uses the third person pronouns to serve as demonstratives as well. In Ris' case, they are proximal demonstratives.

The patientive inanimate singulative pronoun also happens to be the Ris topic marker.


Ris proximal demonstratives
Number→ Singular Dual Plural
Person→ 3rd 3rd 3rd
Case ↓ Animate masculine Animate feminine Inanimate
Patientive en as ante atai
Agentive he hai atir antir athe
Dative enai ati antai ata
Instrumental ena atan antan atanta
Genitive hei hai ai anti athi
Locative enou au antou atouri
Vocative he hia as ante athi
Enclitic

Ris enclitic personal pronouns are attached at the end of verbs, and indicate the subject or agent of the verb.

The enclitic pronouns only decline according to the core cases, the patientive and agentive.

  • If the subject is in full control of its actions, it is marked with the agentive. If it is not, it gets the patientive.

The indicative enclitics are used when the verb is in the indicative or Imperative moods, and the subjunctive when it is either in the subjunctive or in the Potential.


Ris pronominal enclitics
singular dual plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
exc. inc. exc. inc.
Indicative and imperative
Subject Patientive -o -ei -a -on -ai -eni -ani -ouna anai -ana -ina
Agentive -os -es -as -onta -es -enta -anta -ounas -anes -ines -anas
Subjunctive and potential
Subject Patientive -a -oua -oui -or er -ar -ir -ora era -ara -ira
Agentive -as -ouas -ouis -oster -ester -aster -ister -ostra -estra -astra -istra

Nominal

The nominal morphology is split into a number of classes, and there is a variety of different paradigms. The principal parts of a noun are therefore essential to memorise the paradigm.

There are three principal parts in Ris; the patientive singulative, the agentive singulative, and the agentive plurative. These forms helps you deduce the remaining forms.

Declension

Various sound changes:

  • əs[-stress] > s / C[+plosive]_#
  • əis > ei / _#
  • əi > e / _#
  • əis > ir / C_V
  • V[-stress]s > t / C[+plosive]_V
  • C[+plosive, -nas, -asp, -voice] > C[+plosive, -nas, +asp, -voice] / C[+plosive, -nas, -asp, -voice, +hom]_V
First paradigm

Dated, but the inflexion ought to work for the relay. Nouns ending in <-n> recieve a stem of <-nta>, in the declensions.

The singulative corresponds to singular, the plurative to plural, and the collective is nowadays called the plural indefinite.

kḗrax - bird
kḗrak- kḗrax - bird ma-an
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
Patientive keir.ak.əs

kḗrax

keir.ak.nəs

kḗrakne

keir.ak.ais

kḗrakai

Agentive keir.ak.əis.ə

kḗrakir

keir.ak.nəis.ə

kḗraknir

keir.ak.əis.əs

kerā́kte

Dative keir.ak.ais

kḗrakai

keir.ak.nais

kḗraknai

keir.ak.ais.ai

kḗrakta

Instrumental keir.ak.ans

kḗrakan

keir.ak.nans

kḗraknan

keir.ak.ans.ai

kḗrakanta

Genitive keir.ak.əis

kḗraki

keir.ak.nəis

kḗrakni

keir.ak.əis.əi

kḗrakti

Locative keir.ak.os

kḗrakou

keir.ak.nos

kḗraknou

keir.ak.os.əi

kḗrakouri

Vocative keir.ak.əs

kḗrax

ker.ak.əs

kḗrakne

keir.ak.əs.əi

kḗrakti


gȳ́ps - friend-to-be
gȳ́p- gȳ́ps - friend-to-be; kin ma-an
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
Patientive gup.əs

gȳ́ps

guph.nəs

gȳ́pne

guph.ais

gȳ́phai

Agentive gup.əis.ə

gȳ́phir

gup.nəis.ə

gȳ́pnir

gup.əis.əs

gȳ́pte

Dative gup.ais

gȳ́phai

gup.nais

gȳ́pnai

gup.ais.ai

gȳ́pta

Instrumental gup.ans

gȳ́phan

gup.nans

gȳ́pnan

gup.ans.ai

gȳ́phanta

Genitive gup.əis

gȳ́phi

gup.nəis

gȳ́pni

gup.əis.əi

gȳ́pti

Locative gup.os

gȳ́phou

gup.nos

gȳ́pnou

gup.os.əi

gȳ́phouri

Vocative gup.əs

gouphá

gup.əs

gȳ́pne

gup.əs.əi

gouphéri


pā́x - time
pā́g- pā́x - time unm-an
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
Patientive pag.mwəs
pā́gma 		pag.əs

pā́x

pag.ais

pā́gai

Agentive pag.mwəs.ə
pā́gmar 		pag.əis.ə

pā́gir

pag.əis.əs

pā́gte

Dative pag.mw.ais
pā́gmai 		pag.ais

pā́gai

pag.ais.ai

pā́gta

Instrumental pag.mwans

pā́gman

pag.ans

pā́gan

pag.ans.ai

pā́ganta

Genitive pag.mwəis
pā́gme 		pag.əis

pā́gi

pag.əis.əi

pā́gti

Locative pag.mwos
pā́gmau 		pag.os

pā́gou

pag.os.əi

pā́gouri

Vocative pag.mwəs
pā́gma 		pag.əs

pā́x

pag.əs.əi

pā́gti


káukas - songbird
káukat- káukas - song bird ma-an
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
Patientive kaw.kat.əs

káukas

kaw.kat.nəs

káukante

kaw.kat.ais

káukatai

Agentive kaw.kat.əis.ə

káukatir

kaw.kat.nəis.ə

káukantir

kaw.kat.əis.əs

káukathe

Dative kaw.kat.ais

káukatai

kaw.kat.nais

káukantai

kaw.kat.ais.ai

káukat

Instrumental kaw.kat.ans

káukatan

kaw.kat.nans

káukantan

kaw.kat.ans.ai

káukatanta

Genitive kaw.kat.əis

káukati

kaw.kat.nəis

káukanti

kaw.kat.əis.əi

káukathi

Locative kaw.kat.os

káukatou

kaw.kat.nos

káukantou

kaw.kat.os.əi

káukatouri

Vocative kaw.kat.əs

káukas

kaw.kat.əs

káukante

kaw.kat.əs.əi

káukathi

Second paradigm
píra - door
pír- píra- door ma-inan
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
Patientive pir.a

píra

pir.na

pírna

pir.ais

pírai

Agentive pir.əis.ə

pírer

pir.nəis.ə

pírnir

pir.əis.əs

pírrhe

Dative pir.ais

pírai

pir.nais

pírnai

pir.ais.ai

pírera

Instrumental pir.ans

píran

pir.nans

pírnan

pir.ans.ai

píranta

Genitive pir.əis

píri

pir.nəis

pírni

pir.əis.əi

pírrhi

Locative pir.os

pírou

pir.nos

pírnou

pir.os.əi

pírouri

Vocative pir.əs

píre

pir.nəs

pírne

pir.əs.əi

pírrhe


gýtei - fish
gýt- gýtei - fish ma-an
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
Patientive gut.əis

gýtei

gut.nəs

gýnte

gut.ais

gýtai

Agentive gut.əis.ə

gýtir

gut.nəis.ə

gýtir

gut.əis.əs

gýthe

Dative gut.ais

gýtai

gut.nais

gýntai

gut.ais.ai

gýtha

Instrumental gut.ans

gýtan

gut.nans

gýntan

gut.ans.ai

gýtanta

Genitive gut.əis

gýti

gut.nəis

gýnti

gut.əis.əi

gýthi

Locative gut.os

gýtou

gut.nos

gýntou

gut.os.əi

gýtouri

Vocative gut.əs

gýte

gut.nəs

gýnte

gut.əs.əi

gýthi

Third paradigm
spatī́a - house
spatəi- spatī́a - house ma-inan
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
Patientive spa.təi.as

spatī́a

spa.təi.nəs

spánte

spa.təi.ais

spatī́e

Agentive spa.təi.əis.ə

spatḗr

spa.təi.nəis.ə

spántir

spa.təi.əis.əs

spatḗre

Dative spa.təi.ais

spatī́e

spa.təi.nais

spántai

spa.təi.ais.ai

spatī́era

Instrumental spa.təi.ans

spatī́an

spa.təi.nans

spántan

spa.təi.ans.ai

spatī́anta

Genitive spa.təi.əis

spatḗ

spa.təi.nəis

spánti

spa.təi.əis.əi

spatḗri

Locative spa.təi.os

spatī́ou

spa.təi.nos

spántou

spa.təi.os.əi

spatī́ouri

Vocative spa.təi.əs

spatī́e

spa.təi.nəs

spánte

spa.təi.əs.əi

spatī́ere

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