Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions
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content: {{green|n}}ouns(nominal of intransitives), {{green|a}}djective nouns(nominal of adjectives), {{green|d}}emonstrative nouns, {{green|v}}erbal nouns(nominal of monotransitives), {{green|c}}overbal nouns(have characteristics for the category), {{green|e}}nclitic nouns. | content: {{green|n}}ouns(nominal of intransitives), {{green|a}}djective nouns(nominal of adjectives), {{green|d}}emonstrative nouns, {{green|v}}erbal nouns(nominal of monotransitives), {{green|c}}overbal nouns(have characteristics for the category), {{green|e}}nclitic nouns. | ||
enclitics have variation for a word, distinguish those kinds, nominal, adjectival, plural, objective, present, habitual, subjunctive, processive, perfective. | enclitics have variation for a word, distinguish those kinds, nominal, adjectival, plural, objective, present, habitual, subjunctive, processive, perfective. demontratives have plural forms, characteristics for the category, express those kinds, ergative, objective, subjective, dative, near to the speaker, away from the speaker, person. | ||
{|nouns: + nouns(nomina of intransitives), nounsnominal of language monotansitives, nouns(which have plurals), +verbal nouns(that are transitives, ditransitives), +-derived particle nouns(that are prepositions, connectives). +encliticsthey turn nouns t full nouns:demontratives same as aboves, nominal suffix: e/∅/, demostrative)-hen/ɦen/(plual), adjectial suix: a,ä.har/ɦä/,/e/ s/s/, vebal suffix: hen/en/(motion in nce), hel/ɦel/, had/ɦät/(subjunctive dan/ŋdɐ/(processive) nin/nin/(perfective), an,en,ne,, vowel to nasalise+/ŋen/. | {|nouns: + nouns(nomina of intransitives), nounsnominal of language monotansitives, nouns(which have plurals), +verbal nouns(that are transitives, ditransitives), +-derived particle nouns(that are prepositions, connectives). +encliticsthey turn nouns t full nouns:demontratives same as aboves, nominal suffix: e/∅/, demostrative)-hen/ɦen/(plual), adjectial suix: a,ä.har/ɦä/,/e/ s/s/, vebal suffix: hen/en/(motion in nce), hel/ɦel/, had/ɦät/(subjunctive dan/ŋdɐ/(processive) nin/nin/(perfective), an,en,ne,, vowel to nasalise+/ŋen/. | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| an object right bafter verbal nun eeds no suffx nor partcle. an object before the motion in once a support of an objectial icle.|} | {| an object right bafter verbal nun eeds no suffx nor partcle. an object before the motion in once a support of an objectial icle.|} | ||
{| everys are morpheme nouns, full nouns, ul nouns are indicatives. in this site uses resemble notations|} | {| everys are morpheme nouns, full nouns, ul nouns are indicatives. in this site uses resemble notations|} | ||
{|it seems there are làa/ɡäː/ so some are regular VO are also full nouns.. if the are free from diacritics.|} | {|it seems there are làa/ɡäː/ so some are regular VO are also full nouns.. if the are free from diacritics.|}{| ergative noun • vebal noun objective noun from the grammar • topic noun / al noun • noun adjectival suffix • topic of zeromorpheme noun, where a middle dot separates phrases. they can switch thei places, phses at fists are foal phrases.|} | ||
{| aside from the onemic orthography, numerals are written. -|} | |||
{| .0123456789,10,11,12. is oinmfvksba.io/x,ii/e,in/z.|} | |||
{| dalse càe látin, vàe áleman, bae látin, cae látin, kae eskanól, aüe elínica, meidallaoduilekma. e lao u vèi velar nas.|} | {| dalse càe látin, vàe áleman, bae látin, cae látin, kae eskanól, aüe elínica, meidallaoduilekma. e lao u vèi velar nas.|} | ||
{|borrowing words from other languages enter the group of adjective full noun, soe enter . | {|borrowing words from other languages enter the group of adjective full noun, soe enter .{|Morpheme inventory|} | ||
{|* s- /sɨ/,allo;/s/,* n- /nɨ/,allomorpheme;/n/,* a- /ä/* ∅- /ʔ/* -a /ɦä/* -e /ɦe/* -s /s/* -as /ɦäs/* -es /ɦes/* -n /n/* -en /ɦen/* -ns /ns/* -ens /ɦens/* -l /l/* -t /t/* -d , e is phonemically space, except for after a consonant including extras/t/* -ls /ls/* -ts /t͡s/* -ds /des/* -el /el/* -et /et/* -at /ät/* ad /äde/* -els /els/* -ets /et͡s/* -ats /ät͡s/* -ads /ädes/* -nd /indɐ/*for -nt /int/* -nds /indɐs/* -nts /intes/|} | |||
|} | |} | ||
Syntactics | Syntactics | ||
Type: SVO-Topic, right branching of a clause | Type: SVO-Topic, right branching of a clause. every word is a morpheme. left element modifies that in right. adjectifier, is a zero morpheme. | ||
Word formation: (+coverb) noun (+adjectifier | nouns with enclitics or VO phrases, are indicative moods. | ||
Word formation: (+coverb) noun (+adjectifier) (+demonstrative) (+enclitic) (+verb) noun (+enclitic) (+adjectifier). | |||
Writings | Writings | ||
| Line 57: | Line 54: | ||
| || {{blue|v}}àe(ʋ) || || || {{blue|i}}áe(ʝ) || || || | | || {{blue|v}}àe(ʋ) || || || {{blue|i}}áe(ʝ) || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: left;"|<small> | ! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Semivowel</small> | ||
| || {{blue|a}}àe,aa{{blue|è}}(u̯) || {{blue|l}}a{{blue|l}},{{blue|u}}àe(ɥ, l) || || {{blue|a}}áe,aa{{blue|é}}(i̯) || || || aa{{blue|r}}(ë~ɐ̯, n/a) | | || {{blue|a}}àe,aa{{blue|è}}(u̯) || {{blue|l}}a{{blue|l}},{{blue|u}}àe(ɥ, l) || || {{blue|a}}áe,aa{{blue|é}}(i̯) || || || aa{{blue|r}}(ë~ɐ̯, n/a) | ||
|} | |} | ||
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CV(V)C. | CV(V)C. | ||
Tone slightly rises initially of a phrase. | Tone slightly rises initially of a phrase. | ||
{| sk sk not sk k lk not jk mm became ¨mb nn sta kk is long k ll e lh is ong ¨l n ¨ll gemination lengthens nearby phoneme. i(ǀ) start citing, (end cite), before a loanword, ǃ(ǂ) exclamation|} | {| sk sk not sk k lk not jk mm became ¨mb nn sta kk is long k ll e lh is ong ¨l n ¨ll gemination lengthens nearby phoneme. i(ǀ) start citing, (end cite), before a loanword, ǃ(ǂ) exclamation|} | ||
{|allophones; t ʔ ɦ l;ʎ;ɾ sr ɲ ŋ allophones;â á:ae;ai;oa e é:ei;é;ea i î í o ö:eu;oi ó:ou u ü ú;;ue;ua;uo | ɲ ŋ −vowel length lk −vowel length sk|} | {|allophones; t ʔ ɦ l;ʎ;ɾ sr ɲ ŋ allophones;â á:ae;ai;oa e é:ei;é;ea i î í o ö:eu;oi ó:ou u ü ú;;ue;ua;uo | ɲ ŋ −vowel length lk −vowel length sk|} | ||
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nac-har sêd-nan | nac-har sêd-nan | ||
1-be swed-ish | 1-be swed-ish | ||
of this is what | of this is what | ||
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fam sen-doc-leh-har | fam sen-doc-leh-har | ||
fruits this-place.of-be | fruits this-place.of-be | ||
Naciorneuse a Lekmae Neidoc. | Naciorneuse a Lekmae Neidoc. | ||
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romlang.be is.it.true.for Lekmae be.not.3 | romlang.be is.it.true.for Lekmae be.not.3 | ||
is Lekmae a romlang? no, it's not. | is Lekmae a romlang? no, it's not. | ||
of who does what | of who does what | ||
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{|* 1: ʋɐk /uac* you (singular): 2ʋyː /uue* he: ɦäŋ /han* we: /uacen* you (plural): ʋyːen /uuen* they: ɦiä /hia* this : tog,ɦiä /toc,hia* that: àe,kosa /hae,cos* here: tocma /tcm* there: kkaema /aem* who: hhia,lhia /lia* what: kva /kva* where: kvime /kvm* when: kvatzuí /kvn* how: kvamuí /kvi* not: né /nei* all: àen /aen* many: àens /aens* some: de àen /duiaen* few: làes /leas* other: né daes /neidae* one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ina,isa* two: tzue /dva* three: mal /mal* four: cut /cut* five: unal /hal* big: lhens* long: naelhens* wide: daesbala* thick: bala* heavy: né fie /neifias* small: nal* short: kul* narrow: tis /tsm* thin: kadtis* woman: lhúa /lua* man (adult male): lhúa /lua* man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo* child: tisluo* mother: mâma /mam* father: dâda /dad* animal: tissor d tis* fish: fisker* bird: tofie /tfl* snake: lam* worm: hhom /orm* tree /bim* forest: bsk* stick: baunel /uncertain* fruit: fam /flm* seed: fam /sem* leaf: hhüo /lif* root: lád /lad* flower: uncertain /lili* grass: ladlil* rope: sinn /uncertain* skin: bäl /* meat: salk /slk* blood: salk* bone: lám * fat (noun): bét /fat* egg: ais* horn: kol /krn* tail: lámen /lam* feather: fie /fli* hair: tetr /khr* head: uncertain /cab* ear: olhen /orh* eye: ain /oin* nose: nis* mouth: uncertain /lif* tooth: tzann /fnc* tongue (organ): tzann /zau* fingernail: tzann /fau* foot: uncertain /bam* leg: uncertain /bam* knee: baim* hand: tec /tek* wing: fiem /fli* belly: mac* guts: mac * neck: nec* back: tzüc /ruc* breast: bec /fec* heart: kel /kor* liver: kel* to drink: sifel /drk* to eat: nem /nhm* to bite: tzaunel /tnf* to suck: sifel * to spit: nemel* to vomit: tue dae nems* to blow: bolel * to breathe: nesel /* to laugh: hrak /rch* to see: vis /ver* to hear: sanhel /oir* to know: caän* to think: canel /dik* to smell: nesel /uncertain* to fear: bai* to sleep: bei /slf* to live: súmel* to die: né súmel /meisumel* to kill: sral * to fight: sral /uncertain* to hunt: sral* to hit: láb /lfn* to cut: kul* to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval* to stab: binn * to scratch: skilel* to dig: binn /nem* to swim: uncertain /sìm* to fly: uncertain /fei* to walk: salkel* to come: hhim /clm* to lie (as in a bed): lob* to sit: sidel /set* to stand: hrec /tnd* to turn (intransitive): silkel* to fall: feiel /fei* to give: duo* to hold: hrantel* to squeeze: tzecal* to rub: vask * to wash: vasker* to wipe: vaskel /vsk* to pull: tec* to push: tec,ffon* to throw: tue toc náe* to tie: ticel /bnd* to sew: ffinticel* to count: teltzif* to say: seu* to sing: séunel /seu* to play: bil /sfl* to float: lom /flt* to flow: ae /flt* to freeze: íelel /iel* to swell: rcol /uncertain* sun: hrá /uncertain* moon: daehrá /mun* star: lucz /trl* water: súm /sumi* rain: lein /rcn* river: léne /len* lake: léne /len* sea: léneen /len* salt: saltee* stone: shè /stn* sand: sahr /snd* dust: hroma*earth: thi /nulmaf* cloud: küt /sku* fog: küt /foc* sky: séo /sulmaf* wind: fendas /vnd* snow: nívas /snu* ice: íelen /ais* smoke: féu /feo* fire: féu /feo* ash: daeféu* to burn: tocféu tue /feol* road: vei /vec* mountain: uncertain /mon* red: hrot /rod* : /crn* yellow: col /clb* white: hrát /vit black: dal /blc* night: dal /nkt* day: dis /dac* year: iálen /zuames* warm: nôk /vrm* cold: íels /chl* full: buk /ful* new: bil* old: né bil* good: hhim /bim* bad: né hhim* rotten: tocel nae* dirty: mud* straight: bim* round: kadbal* sharp (as a knife): dis * dull (as a knife): dos* smooth:: suːmmɯi /summui* dry: sekal /sek* correct: bim* near: tocmas* far: naema* right: hris /lkt* left: chol /lnk* at: ʈ͡ʂɯi /zuiin: lea /ins* because | {|* 1: ʋɐk /uac* you (singular): 2ʋyː /uue* he: ɦäŋ /han* we: /uacen* you (plural): ʋyːen /uuen* they: ɦiä /hia* this : tog,ɦiä /toc,hia* that: àe,kosa /hae,cos* here: tocma /tcm* there: kkaema /aem* who: hhia,lhia /lia* what: kva /kva* where: kvime /kvm* when: kvatzuí /kvn* how: kvamuí /kvi* not: né /nei* all: àen /aen* many: àens /aens* some: de àen /duiaen* few: làes /leas* other: né daes /neidae* one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ina,isa* two: tzue /dva* three: mal /mal* four: cut /cut* five: unal /hal* big: lhens* long: naelhens* wide: daesbala* thick: bala* heavy: né fie /neifias* small: nal* short: kul* narrow: tis /tsm* thin: kadtis* woman: lhúa /lua* man (adult male): lhúa /lua* man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo* child: tisluo* mother: mâma /mam* father: dâda /dad* animal: tissor d tis* fish: fisker* bird: tofie /tfl* snake: lam* worm: hhom /orm* tree /bim* forest: bsk* stick: baunel /uncertain* fruit: fam /flm* seed: fam /sem* leaf: hhüo /lif* root: lád /lad* flower: uncertain /lili* grass: ladlil* rope: sinn /uncertain* skin: bäl /* meat: salk /slk* blood: salk* bone: lám * fat (noun): bét /fat* egg: ais* horn: kol /krn* tail: lámen /lam* feather: fie /fli* hair: tetr /khr* head: uncertain /cab* ear: olhen /orh* eye: ain /oin* nose: nis* mouth: uncertain /lif* tooth: tzann /fnc* tongue (organ): tzann /zau* fingernail: tzann /fau* foot: uncertain /bam* leg: uncertain /bam* knee: baim* hand: tec /tek* wing: fiem /fli* belly: mac* guts: mac * neck: nec* back: tzüc /ruc* breast: bec /fec* heart: kel /kor* liver: kel* to drink: sifel /drk* to eat: nem /nhm* to bite: tzaunel /tnf* to suck: sifel * to spit: nemel* to vomit: tue dae nems* to blow: bolel * to breathe: nesel /* to laugh: hrak /rch* to see: vis /ver* to hear: sanhel /oir* to know: caän* to think: canel /dik* to smell: nesel /uncertain* to fear: bai* to sleep: bei /slf* to live: súmel* to die: né súmel /meisumel* to kill: sral * to fight: sral /uncertain* to hunt: sral* to hit: láb /lfn* to cut: kul* to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval* to stab: binn * to scratch: skilel* to dig: binn /nem* to swim: uncertain /sìm* to fly: uncertain /fei* to walk: salkel* to come: hhim /clm* to lie (as in a bed): lob* to sit: sidel /set* to stand: hrec /tnd* to turn (intransitive): silkel* to fall: feiel /fei* to give: duo* to hold: hrantel* to squeeze: tzecal* to rub: vask * to wash: vasker* to wipe: vaskel /vsk* to pull: tec* to push: tec,ffon* to throw: tue toc náe* to tie: ticel /bnd* to sew: ffinticel* to count: teltzif* to say: seu* to sing: séunel /seu* to play: bil /sfl* to float: lom /flt* to flow: ae /flt* to freeze: íelel /iel* to swell: rcol /uncertain* sun: hrá /uncertain* moon: daehrá /mun* star: lucz /trl* water: súm /sumi* rain: lein /rcn* river: léne /len* lake: léne /len* sea: léneen /len* salt: saltee* stone: shè /stn* sand: sahr /snd* dust: hroma*earth: thi /nulmaf* cloud: küt /sku* fog: küt /foc* sky: séo /sulmaf* wind: fendas /vnd* snow: nívas /snu* ice: íelen /ais* smoke: féu /feo* fire: féu /feo* ash: daeféu* to burn: tocféu tue /feol* road: vei /vec* mountain: uncertain /mon* red: hrot /rod* : /crn* yellow: col /clb* white: hrát /vit black: dal /blc* night: dal /nkt* day: dis /dac* year: iálen /zuames* warm: nôk /vrm* cold: íels /chl* full: buk /ful* new: bil* old: né bil* good: hhim /bim* bad: né hhim* rotten: tocel nae* dirty: mud* straight: bim* round: kadbal* sharp (as a knife): dis * dull (as a knife): dos* smooth:: suːmmɯi /summui* dry: sekal /sek* correct: bim* near: tocmas* far: naema* right: hris /lkt* left: chol /lnk* at: ʈ͡ʂɯi /zuiin: lea /ins* because | ||
|} | |} | ||
Lexics | Lexics | ||
/--/ | /--/ | ||
Revision as of 14:39, 27 March 2019
A conlang, autonym Lekmae /ˈɥexmä/ is a tool to experiment grammatical features, Type (aiming): being low amount of distinct categories, half of the lexicon are adoption of low Germanic languages. As for making this miniature, that is to learn about languages.
content: nouns(nominal of intransitives), adjective nouns(nominal of adjectives), demonstrative nouns, verbal nouns(nominal of monotransitives), coverbal nouns(have characteristics for the category), enclitic nouns.
enclitics have variation for a word, distinguish those kinds, nominal, adjectival, plural, objective, present, habitual, subjunctive, processive, perfective. demontratives have plural forms, characteristics for the category, express those kinds, ergative, objective, subjective, dative, near to the speaker, away from the speaker, person.
Syntactics Type: SVO-Topic, right branching of a clause. every word is a morpheme. left element modifies that in right. adjectifier, is a zero morpheme. nouns with enclitics or VO phrases, are indicative moods. Word formation: (+coverb) noun (+adjectifier) (+demonstrative) (+enclitic) (+verb) noun (+enclitic) (+adjectifier).
Writings excepting q w p g j y, u is added as /ŋ/. a i u are consonants in certain circumstances.
Grapheme inventory with their corresponding phonemes
| Consonants | Bilabial | Labio-dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | mam(m) | nan,nan(n~ɲ, l) | uâu(ŋ) | |||||
| Plosive | bab(b~p) | dad(d~t) | cac(k~ɡ) | aâe,aâe(ʔ, n/a) | ||||
| Affricate | zae(d͡z~t͡s) | tât(ʈ͡ʂ~t͡ʃ) | ||||||
| Fricative | fâf(f) | sas(s~ɕ) | xax(ʂ~ç) | kak(x~χ, k) | hah(ɦ, n/a) | |||
| Trill | rae(ʀ~r) | |||||||
| Approximant | vàe(ʋ) | iáe(ʝ) | ||||||
| Semivowel | aàe,aaè(u̯) | lal,uàe(ɥ, l) | aáe,aaé(i̯) | aar(ë~ɐ̯, n/a) |
| Vowels | Front | Central | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
| Close | aie(i) | aüe(y) | aêi,aíe(ëi̯) | aòe(u̯o) | aui,aîe(ɯɨ~ɨ) | aue(u) |
| Mid-open | aee,eäe(e) | aöe,aeû(ø) | aêu,aùe(ëu̯) | aao,aôe(ʌ) | aoe(o) | |
| Open | aae(ä) | |||||
Phonotactics CV(V)C. Tone slightly rises initially of a phrase.
Made text of it is what Närca Sêdnan. /ˈne.ëɡä su̯ednän/ nac-har sêd-nan 1-be swed-ish
of this is what Famsendocleâ. /fämsendokɥeˈä/ fam sen-doc-leh-har fruits this-place.of-be
Naciorneuse a Lekmae Neidoc. /näkʝonëu̯s(ë) ʔä ɥexmä nëi̯dok/ romlang.be is.it.true.for Lekmae be.not.3 is Lekmae a romlang? no, it's not.
of who does what hainimdaies doc. /--/ kai nim daines doc they eat some-of this
Lexics /--/