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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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* '''lai''' — inclusive or | * '''lai''' — inclusive or | ||
* '''las''' — and (in incomplete listings, cf. ''no'' and ''sama''); it follows the noun it refers to, and in listings with more than two nouns it follows every noun except for the first. Not used to conjoin sentences. | * '''las''' — and (in incomplete listings, cf. ''no'' and ''sama''); it follows the noun it refers to, and in listings with more than two nouns it follows every noun except for the first. Not used to conjoin sentences. | ||
* '''lenta''' — "together (with)", adverbial or postpositive, requiring genitive case in the latter usage. When pospositive, it is more emphatic than ''lā''. Adverbially, '' | * '''lenta''' — "together (with)", adverbial or postpositive, requiring genitive case in the latter usage. When pospositive, it is more emphatic than ''lā''. Adverbially, ''gimmālsiṭ'' is more common. | ||
* '''mailiven''' — so, thus, therefore (grammaticalized use of <small>go_forward.UNIDIR.PRES.IND.EXP.3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR.</small>) | * '''mailiven''' — so, thus, therefore (grammaticalized use of <small>go_forward.UNIDIR.PRES.IND.EXP.3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR.</small>) | ||
* '''mbu''' — exclusive or | * '''mbu''' — exclusive or | ||
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==="Paired" particles=== | ==="Paired" particles=== | ||
Chlouvānem does not have "paired" particles as English does, because they are translated in different ways: | Chlouvānem does not have "paired" particles as English does, because they are translated in different ways: | ||
* "both... and..." is translated by the adverb ''' | * "both... and..." is translated by the adverb '''peiṃsiṭ''' (the same), either in the form "X Y no peiṃsiṭ" or in "X ..., Y peiṃsiṭ": | ||
:: ''jādāh lañekaica no | :: ''jādāh lañekaica no peiṃsiṭ nanau draikate'' – both Jādāh and Lañekaica did that. | ||
:: ''nānyu uyųlaṃte : māru | :: ''nānyu uyųlaṃte : māru peiṃsiṭ'' – I have eaten both the bread and the mango. | ||
* "neither... nor..." requires the sentence to be built in a different way, namely "not X, and also not Y", where "also not" is translated in two different ways: 1) by the particle '''gūta''' (more formal); or 2) with the adverb '' | * "neither... nor..." requires the sentence to be built in a different way, namely "not X, and also not Y", where "also not" is translated in two different ways: 1) by the particle '''gūta''' (more formal); or 2) with the adverb ''peiṃsiṭ'' - therefore building a sentence that is exactly like the "both X and Y" but negative. | ||
:: ''jādāh nanau gu dṛkte ša : lañekaica gūta'' – neither Jādah nor Lañekaica did that. Literal translation: Jādāh didn't do it, and Lañekaica also [didn't]. | :: ''jādāh nanau gu dṛkte ša : lañekaica gūta'' – neither Jādah nor Lañekaica did that. Literal translation: Jādāh didn't do it, and Lañekaica also [didn't]. | ||
:: ''nāniu gu uyųlaṃte ša : māru | :: ''nāniu gu uyųlaṃte ša : māru peiṃsiṭ'' – I have eaten neither the bread nor the mango. Literally: I haven't eaten the bread, and the same for the mango. | ||
* "either... or..." is easily translated by the exclusive or (''mbu''). It is commonly only used after the second term, but it can be put after every term for emphasis: | * "either... or..." is easily translated by the exclusive or (''mbu''). It is commonly only used after the second term, but it can be put after every term for emphasis: | ||
:: ''jādāh (mbu) lañekaica mbu nanau dṛkte'' – either Jādah or Lañekaica did it. (note the singular verb) | :: ''jādāh (mbu) lañekaica mbu nanau dṛkte'' – either Jādah or Lañekaica did it. (note the singular verb) | ||
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A few particles are used (usually sentence-finally) in order to convey particular feelings of the speaker about the statement: | A few particles are used (usually sentence-finally) in order to convey particular feelings of the speaker about the statement: | ||
* '''anā''' is an introductory particle (e.g. "so") | * '''anā''' is an introductory particle (e.g. "so") | ||
* '''å''' expresses either surprise (at the beginning of a sentence) or that the fact is considered annoying (at the end), e.g. ''å | * '''å''' expresses either surprise (at the beginning of a sentence) or that the fact is considered annoying (at the end), e.g. ''å vikṣiṭ dadrāte'' "wow, (s)he's done it again!" / ''vikṣiṭ dadrā å'' "oh no, (s)he's done it again!" | ||
* '''dā''' gives the sentence, especially a command or a proposition, an informal tone - cf. German "mal" or Italian "un po'", e.g. ''najire nanau mešute dā'' "I'll just see what happens"; ''peithos dā'' "just calm down and take a walk around here." | * '''dā''' gives the sentence, especially a command or a proposition, an informal tone - cf. German "mal" or Italian "un po'", e.g. ''najire nanau mešute dā'' "I'll just see what happens"; ''peithos dā'' "just calm down and take a walk around here." | ||
* '''e''' is a basic declarative particle when used word-finally, and is often used as an introduction (much like "you know, ...") or as a generic filler. | * '''e''' is a basic declarative particle when used word-finally, and is often used as an introduction (much like "you know, ...") or as a generic filler. | ||