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Éljansk: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
|name = Islander Norse
|nativename = Éljansk
|pronunciation = [eːʎansk]
|creator = Neil Whalley
|region = British Isles
|states = Kingdom of the Isles
|nation = Kingdom of the Isles
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2=[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3=[[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]]
|fam4=[[Old West Norse|West Norse]]
|ancestor=[[Old West Norse]]
|ancestor2=[[Early Éljansk]]
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}
'''Éljansk''' /eːʎənsk/ or '''Islander Norse''' is a heavily Gaelic-influenced West Norse language that developed in the medieval Kingdom of the Isles from the 9th century.  
'''Éljansk''' /eːʎənsk/ or '''Islander Norse''' is a heavily Gaelic-influenced West Norse language that developed in the medieval Kingdom of the Isles from the 9th century.  


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* /ŋ/ is an allophone of /n/ before /k, g/.
* /ŋ/ is an allophone of /n/ before /k, g/.
* /x/ is an allophone of /ɣ/ before /t/.
* /x/ is an allophone of /ɣ/ before /t/.
====''gh'' /ɣ/====
The phoneme /ɣ/, written ''gh'', has several allophonic variants, depending on its position. It is:
* /ɣ/ in word-final position and between vowels, e.g. ''hógh'' "hill" /hoːɣ/, ''borgh'' "fort" /borɣ/, ''dagher'' "days" /daɣər/
* /x/ before /t/, e.g. ''floght'' "flutter" /floxt/, ''láght'' "low" (neut.) /laxt/.
* /Ø/ (zero) before a consonant, causing the following vowel to lengthen when short, e.g. ''laghman'' "lawyer" /laːmən/, ''boghskot'' "bowshot" /boːskot/.


==Stress==
==Stress==
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===Sound to Spelling Correspondence===
===Sound to Spelling Correspondence===


{| class="wikitable" width="150;" style="text-align: center;"  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowels
|-
! width="75;" | Graph !! width="75;" | IPA !! width="175;" | Environment !! width="300;" | Examples
|-
! rowspan="2;" | a
|  /a/ || ||
|-
| /a:/ || before ''gh'' + consonant <br/> (except ''t'') ||
|-
! á
| /aː/ || ||
|-
! e
| /e/ || ||
|-
! é
| /eː/ || ||
|-
! éi
| /ei̯/ || ||
|-
! i
| /i/ || ||
|-
! í
| /iː/ || ||
|-
! rowspan="2;" | o
| /o/ || ||
|-
| /oː/ || before ''gh'' + consonant <br/> (except ''t'') ||
|-
! ó
| /oː/ || ||
|-
! u
| /u/ || ||
|-
! ú
| /uː/ || ||
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"  
|+ Consonants
|-
! width="75;" | Graph !! width="75;" | IPA !! width="175;" | Environment !! width="300;" | Examples
|-
! b
| /b/ || ||
|-
! rowspan="2;" | d
| /d/  || ||
|-
| /d͡ʒ/ || before ''i'' or'' í'' ||
|-
! dj<br/> ḑ
| /d͡ʒ/ || ||
|-
! dh
| /ð/ || ||
|-
! f
| /ɸ/ || ||
|-
! rowspan="2;" | g
| /g/ || ||
|-
| /ɟ/ || before ''i'' or'' í'' ||
|-
! gj
| /ɟ/ || ||
|-
! rowspan="3;" | gh
| /ɣ/ || ||
|-
| /x/ || before ''t'' ||
|-
| /Ø/ || before any consonant <br/> except ''t''* ||
|-
! h
| /h/ || ||
|-
! rowspan="2;" | j
| /j/ || ||
|-
| /Ø/ || after ''t, d, k, g, s, n, l'' <br/> indicates palatalisation ||
|-
! rowspan="2;" | k
| /k/ || ||
|-
| /c/ || before ''i'' or'' í''||
|-
! kj<br/> ķ
| /c/ || ||
|-
! rowspan="2;" | l
| /l/ || ||
|-
| /ʎ/ || before ''i'' or'' í'' ||
|-
! lj<br/> ļ
| /ʎ/ || ||
|-
! m
| /m/ || ||
|-
! rowspan="3;" | n
| /n/ || ||
|-
| /ɲ/ || before ''i'' or'' í'' ||
|-
| /ŋ/ || before ''k'' or ''g'' ||
|-
! nj<br/> ņ
| /ɲ/ || ||
|-
! p
| /p/ || ||
|-
! r
| /r/ || ||
|-
! rowspan="2;" | s
| /s/ || ||
|-
| /ʃ/ || before ''i'' or'' í'' ||
|-
! sj<br/> ș
| /ʃ/ || ||
|-
! rowspan="2;" | t
| /t/ || ||
|-
| /t͡ʃ/ || before ''i, í'' or ''j'' ||
|-
! tj<br/> ț
| /t͡ʃ/ || ||
|-
! v
| /β/ || ||
|}
 
Notes:
* In some cases ''j'' signifies the palatal nature of the preceding consonant, rather than a distinct sound.
* When syllable-final palatal consonants written with a diacritic comma come to stand before a vowel, due to the addition of word-endings or compounding, the marked letter is replaced by Cj, e.g. ''ríķ'' "kingdom" → ''ríkjer'' "kingdoms", ''erviņ'' "heir" → ''ervinjum'' "heirs" (dat. pl.)
 
=Morphology=
===Nouns===
Nouns are declined according to number only (singular or plural). There are no grammatical genders in Éljansk and case is not marked.
 
The base form of the noun is always singular, e.g. ''man'' "man", ''barn'' "child", ''ríķ'' "kingdom". In most cases the plural is formed by adding ''-er'' to the singular form, e.g. ''maner'' "men", ''barner'' "children", ''ríkjer'' "kingdoms".
 
The genitive of possession is shown by placing the possessor after the possessed, e.g. ''hús Duvan'' "Duvan's house", ''kirķ Patriķ'' "Patrick's church". When the possessor is a definite noun, the article ''en'' may be placed before it, e.g. ''Kong en Éljaner'' "King of the Isles".
 
===Articles===
There is no indefinite article and the noun alone is considered indefinite, e.g. ''stól'' "(a) stool", ''ár'' "(an) oar". The definite article is ''en'' for both the singular and plural; it always precedes the noun, e.g. ''en stól'' "the stool", ''en árer'' "the oars".
 
===Adjectives===
 
===Numerals===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Numerals
|-
! width="50;" | !! width="200;" | Cardinal !! width="200;" | Ordinal
|-
! 1
| ''éin'' || ''first''
|-
! 2
| ''twéi'' || ''aner''
|-
! 3
| ''thrí'' || ''thridh''
|-
! 4
| ''fjór'' || ''fjórdh''
|-
! 5o
| ''fim'' || ''fimt''
|-
! 6
| ''ses'' || ''set''
|-
! 7
| ''sjó'' || ''sjónd''
|-
! 8
| ''át'' || ''átand''
|-
|-
| width="50%;" | ''a'' || width="50;" | /a/
! 9
| ''ní'' || ''nínd''
|-
|-
| ''á'' || /aː/
! 10
| ''tí'' || ''tínd''
|-
|-
| ''b'' || /b/
! 11
| ''elif'' || ''elift''
|-
|-
| ''d'' || /d/
! 12
| ''tólf'' || ''tólft''
|-
|-
| ''di <br/> dj <br/> ḑ'' || /d͡ʒ/
! 13
| ''thrí tán'' || ''thrí tánd''
|-
|-
| ''e'' || /e/
! 14
| ''fjór tán'' || ''fjór tánd''
|-
|-
| ''é'' || /eː/
! 15
| ''fim tán'' || ''fim tánd''
|-
|-
| ''f'' || /ɸ/
! 16
| ''ses tán'' || ''ses tánd''
|-
|-
| ''g'' || /g/
! 17
| ''sjó tán'' || ''sjó tánd''
|-
|-
| ''gi <br/> gj'' || /ɟ/
! 18
| ''át tán'' || ''át tánd''
|-
|-
| ''h'' || /h/
! 19
| ''ní tán'' || ''ní tánd''
|-
|-
| ''i'' || /i/
! 20
| ''tutú'' || ''tutúnd''
|-
|-
| ''í'' || /iː/
! 21
| ''éin eg tutú'' || ''first eg tutú''
|-
|-
| ''j'' || /j/*
! 30
| ''þrítí'' || ''þrítínd''
|-
|-
| ''k'' || /k/
! 40
| ''fjórtí'' || ''fjórtínd''
|-
|-
| ''ki <br/> kj <br/> ķ'' || /c/
! 50
| ''fimtí'' || ''fimtínd''
|-
|-
| ''l'' || /l/
! 60
| ''sestí'' || ''sestínd''
|-
|-
| ''li <br/> lj <br/> ļ'' || /ʎ/
! 70
| ''sjótí'' || ''sjótínd''
|-
|-
| ''m'' || /m/
! 80
| ''átí'' || ''átínd''
|-
|-
| ''o'' || /o/
! 90
| ''nítí'' || ''nítínd''
|-
! 100
| ''títí'' || ''títínd''
|-
! 110
| ''eliftí'' || ''eliftínd''
|-
! 120
| ''hunredh'' || ''hunrest''
|}
 
===Pronouns===
====Personal====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Personal Pronouns
|-
|-
| ''ó'' || /oː/
! width="75;" | !! width="40;" | !! width="100;" | Subject !! width="100;" | Object !! width="100;" | Prepositional
|-
|-
| ''p'' || /p/
! rowspan="5;" | Sing || 1
| ''ik'' || ''mik'' || ''mé''
|-
|-
| ''r'' || /r/
! 2
| ''thú'' || ''thik'' || ''thé''
|-
|-
| ''s'' || /s/
! 3m
| colspan="2;" | ''han'' || ''ham''
|-
|-
| ''si <br/> sj <br/> ș'' || /ʃ/
! 3f
| colspan="2;" | ''hon'' || ''hen''
|-
|-
| ''t'' || /t/
! 3n
| colspan="2;" | ''that'' || ''thí''
|-
|-
| ''ti <br/> tj <br/> ț'' || /t͡ʃ/
! rowspan="3;" | Plural || 1
| ''vé'' || colspan="2;" | ''os''
|-
|-
| ''u'' || /u/
! 2
| ''é'' || colspan="2;" | ''í''
|-
|-
| ''ú'' || /uː/
! 3
| ''théi''|| ''thá'' || ''them''
|-
|-
| ''v'' || /β/
! colspan="2;" | Reflexive
| - || ''sik'' || ''sé''
|}  
|}  


====Demonstrative====
The demonstrative pronouns are:
* ''then'' "this", ''thes'' "these"
* ''that'' "that" (near you), ''thó'' "those"
* ''hit'' "that" (at a distant, abstract), ''hin'' "those".
These pronouns are used as stand-alone forms. When demonstratives qualify a noun it is more common to use the adverbs ''hér'' "here", ''thar'' "there" and ''than'' "yonder" with a definite noun, e.g. ''en man hér'' "this man", ''en hund thar'' "that dog".
====Indefinite====
===Verbs===


=Morphology=
=Syntax=
=Syntax=
=Vocabulary=
=Vocabulary=
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:North Germanic languages]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
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