Maghrebi Azalic: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 15: Line 15:
Only the imperative/infinitive survives in lexical verbs.
Only the imperative/infinitive survives in lexical verbs.
===Auxiliaries===
===Auxiliaries===
{{PAGENAME}} has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh. In addition, there is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural ''u'' is also used as a polite pronoun.
*''Re Dovíð ngaw šun.'' = David is about to sleep.
*''Biuth re Dovíð ngaw šun'' = When David is about to sleep
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Various auxiliaries in {{PAGENAME}}
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person
! style="width: 75px; " | I
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
! style="width: 75px; " | he/it
! style="width: 75px; " | she
! style="width: 75px; " | we
! style="width: 75px; " | blotp
! style="width: 75px; " | they
! | Non-pronominal
|-
! Present (''re, r' '' is from רְאֵה ''*rVʔē'' 'look!')
| ''i, ni''
| ''to''
| ''te''
| ''u''
| ''hi''
| ''nu''
| ''tem''
| ''em''
| ''re'', ''r' '' before V
|-
! Present emphatic (inflected forms of עוֹד)
| ''ngud i''
| ''ngud to''
| ''ngud te''
| ''nguden u''
| ''nguden hi''
| ''ngud nu''
| ''ngud tem''
| ''ngud em''
| ''ngud''
|-
! Interrogative (from הַאִם, -nø must be added to the focused word)
| ''am ni, am i''
| ''am to''
| ''am te''
| ''am u''
| ''am hi''
| ''am nu''
| ''am tem''
| ''am em''
| ''am''
|-
! Past (from perfect of עָשָׂה 'to do')
| ''si ni, sit i, sit ni''
| ''sit to''
| ''sit te''
| ''so u''
| ''sto hi''
| ''sin nu''
| ''sit tem''
| ''su'm''
| ''so/sto''
|-
! Future/Subjunctive (from imperfect of עָשָׂה 'to do')
| ''ąs i''
| ''tąs to''
| ''tąs te''
| ''yąs u''
| ''tąs hi''
| ''nąs nu''
| ''tąsu tem''
| ''yąsu'm''
| ''yąs/tąs''
|-
! Passive present (from imperfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| ''ur ni, ur i''
| ''tur to''
| ''tri te''
| ''yur u''
| ''tur hi''
| ''nur nu''
| ''tru tem''
| ''ru'm''
| ''yur/tur''
|-
! Passive past (from perfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| ''var ni, var i, vart i''
| ''vart to''
| ''vart te''
| ''var u''
| ''vro hi''
| ''varn nu''
| ''vart tem''
| ''vru'm''
| ''var/vro''
|-
! "May" (from imperfect of לָקַח 'to take')
| ''kekh i''
| ''tkekh to''
| ''tkekh te''
| ''kekh u''
| ''tkekh hi''
| ''kekh nu''
| ''tkekhu tem''
| ''kekhu'm''
| ''kekh/tkekh/kekhu''
|-
! "Do X more" - present (from imperfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| ''usif i''
| ''tusif to''
| ''tusif te''
| ''yusif u''
| ''tusif hi''
| ''nusif nu''
| ''tusif tem''
| ''yusifu'm''
| ''usift/tusif/yusifu''
|-
! "Do X more" - past (from perfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| ''seft i''
| ''seft to''
| ''seft te''
| ''sif u''
| ''sifø hi''
| ''sef nu''
| ''seft tem''
| ''sifu'm''
| ''sif/sifu''
|-
! Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme')
| ''zum i''
| ''tøzum to''
| ''tøzum te''
| ''zum u''
| ''tøzum hi''
| ''nøzum nu''
| ''tøzmu tem''
| ''zmu'm''
| ''zum/tøzum/zmu''
|-
! "X well" - present (from imperfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
| ''attev i''
| ''tattev to''
| ''tattvi te''
| ''yattev u''
| ''tattev hi''
| ''nattev nu''
| ''tattev tem''
| ''yattevu'm''
| ''yattev/tattev/yattevu''
|-
! "X well" - past (from perfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
| ''ettevt i''
| ''ettevt to''
| ''ettevt te''
| ''ettev u''
| ''ettivø hi''
| ''ettev nu''
| ''ettevt tem''
| ''ettevu'm''
| ''ettev''
|}
=====Cautionary future=====
The auxiliary for the cautionary future comes from the Biblical Hebrew verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to:
* warn the listener of a future event or contingency:
** '''''Zum''' sąraz tha lovu fu kol ngeth.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
** '''''Zum''' tafkestaz mul lith kovuą hettev!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'
* often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lakh to mul yedhą ma '''zum''' i ląsuth lakh to!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'
====Object pronouns====
Object pronouns are not different from subject pronouns, except ''kho/khe/khem'' may be found instead of ''to/te/tem'' in some dialects.
[[Category:Lõis]][[Category:Azalic languages]][[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Lõis]][[Category:Azalic languages]][[Category:Indo-European languages]]

Revision as of 16:59, 11 February 2020

Maghrebi Azalic (lit. [the language] of those who say đâu [for '2']) is an Azalic language. It is closer to English than other Azalic languages are, but still a separate language. It is inspired by Vietnamese.

It is in the Ăn Yidiș-Cubrite sprachbund.

Morphology

Nouns

Two cases (nominative and genitive), no gender

  • Genitive singular is always -x or -ơx
  • Plural is always nom. -i, gen. -xi

Umlaut, known in Lõis as affection, is used for some plurals.

Verbs

Only the imperative/infinitive survives in lexical verbs.

Auxiliaries

Maghrebi Azalic has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh. In addition, there is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural u is also used as a polite pronoun.

  • Re Dovíð ngaw šun. = David is about to sleep.
  • Biuth re Dovíð ngaw šun = When David is about to sleep
Various auxiliaries in Maghrebi Azalic
→ Person I thou (m) thou (f) he/it she we blotp they Non-pronominal
Present (re, r' is from רְאֵה *rVʔē 'look!') i, ni to te u hi nu tem em re, r' before V
Present emphatic (inflected forms of עוֹד) ngud i ngud to ngud te nguden u nguden hi ngud nu ngud tem ngud em ngud
Interrogative (from הַאִם, -nø must be added to the focused word) am ni, am i am to am te am u am hi am nu am tem am em am
Past (from perfect of עָשָׂה 'to do') si ni, sit i, sit ni sit to sit te so u sto hi sin nu sit tem su'm so/sto
Future/Subjunctive (from imperfect of עָשָׂה 'to do') ąs i tąs to tąs te yąs u tąs hi nąs nu tąsu tem yąsu'm yąs/tąs
Passive present (from imperfect of עָבַר 'to pass') ur ni, ur i tur to tri te yur u tur hi nur nu tru tem ru'm yur/tur
Passive past (from perfect of עָבַר 'to pass') var ni, var i, vart i vart to vart te var u vro hi varn nu vart tem vru'm var/vro
"May" (from imperfect of לָקַח 'to take') kekh i tkekh to tkekh te kekh u tkekh hi kekh nu tkekhu tem kekhu'm kekh/tkekh/kekhu
"Do X more" - present (from imperfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add') usif i tusif to tusif te yusif u tusif hi nusif nu tusif tem yusifu'm usift/tusif/yusifu
"Do X more" - past (from perfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add') seft i seft to seft te sif u sifø hi sef nu seft tem sifu'm sif/sifu
Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme') zum i tøzum to tøzum te zum u tøzum hi nøzum nu tøzmu tem zmu'm zum/tøzum/zmu
"X well" - present (from imperfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well') attev i tattev to tattvi te yattev u tattev hi nattev nu tattev tem yattevu'm yattev/tattev/yattevu
"X well" - past (from perfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well') ettevt i ettevt to ettevt te ettev u ettivø hi ettev nu ettevt tem ettevu'm ettev
Cautionary future

The auxiliary for the cautionary future comes from the Biblical Hebrew verb *zāmam 'to scheme'. It's used to:

  • warn the listener of a future event or contingency:
    • Zum sąraz tha lovu fu kol ngeth. = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
    • Zum tafkestaz mul lith kovuą hettev! = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'
  • often used in a threatening manner, for example: Lakh to mul yedhą ma zum i ląsuth lakh to! = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'

Object pronouns

Object pronouns are not different from subject pronouns, except kho/khe/khem may be found instead of to/te/tem in some dialects.

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Maghrebi_Azalic&oldid=184686"