Pulqer/History: Difference between revisions

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* High mid vowels ''ẹ, ọ'' merge with high vowels ''i, u'', e.g. ''mesa > misa'', ''dracọ > trakku''
* High mid vowels ''ẹ, ọ'' merge with high vowels ''i, u'', e.g. ''mesa > misa'', ''dracọ > trakku''
* Low-mid ''ǫ'' becomes ''o'' /ɑ/ in stressed syllables and merges with ''a'' in unstressed syllables, e.g. ''homine > omine''
* Low-mid ''ǫ'' becomes:
** ''u'' anywhere that ''i, u'' follow in the next syllable, e.g. ''homine > umine''
** ''ą'' /ɑ/ elsewhere, e.g. ''rota > arątha''
* Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. ''cadere > khatere''
* Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. ''cadere > khatere''
** ''b ~ β > p > ph'' (except ''βC > uc'')
** ''b > p > ph''
** ''d > t > th''
** ''d > t > th''
** ''g > k > kh''
** ''g > k > kh''
** ''qu > qh''
** ''qu > qh''
* Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. ''j, gi'') becomes /t͡ʃ/.
* Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. ''j, gi'') becomes /t͡ʃ/.
* Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of ''s, v, b'') are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with ''f'', e.g. ''vinu > finu'', ''bibere > pifere''
* Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. ''octō'' > ''uttu''
* Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. ''octō'' > ''uttu''
** ''mn > nn''
** ''mn > nn''
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** ''e > ei'' /ɛi/
** ''e > ei'' /ɛi/
** ''i > ie'' /iː/
** ''i > ie'' /iː/
** ''o > au'' /ɑː/
** ''ą > au'' /ɑː/
** ''u > ue'' /uː/
** ''u > ue'' /uː/
* /au/ merges with /ɑː/ < L. ''o'', e.g. ''auru > auru'' /ɑːru/
* /au/ merges with /ɑː/ < L. ''o'', e.g. ''auru > auru'' /ɑːru/

Revision as of 15:10, 8 April 2020

  • Analogical levelling of irregular forms or substitution by diminutives etc, e.g. auris > auricula > oricla.


Vulgar Latin Changes

The following changes were underway already in Vulgar Latin when it reached Jacques in 3rd century:

  • Syncope of unstressed vowels adjacent to glides, e.g. solidus > soldus.
  • Change of prevocalic /e, i/ > /j/, e.g. filia > filja.
  • Merger of /b, w/ as allophonic /b ~ β/, e.g. vivo > bibo.
  • Loss of h, e.g. hominem > ominem.
  • Loss of final consonants, e.g. mūrum > mūru.
  • Assimilation of ns > s with compensatory lengthening, e.g. mensa > mēsa > mẹsa
  • Loss of vowel quantity
  • Palatalisation of all consonants before /j/, e.g. ratione > ratsjone
  • Palatalisation of c, g before i, e.g. cippus > tsippu

Old Pulqer Changes

A number of fundamental changes between Latin and Old Pulqer are believed to have happened almost immediately as a result of Kelt speakers learning Latin imperfectly.

  • High mid vowels ẹ, ọ merge with high vowels i, u, e.g. mesa > misa, dracọ > trakku
  • Low-mid ǫ becomes:
    • u anywhere that i, u follow in the next syllable, e.g. homine > umine
    • ą /ɑ/ elsewhere, e.g. rota > arątha
  • Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. cadere > khatere
    • b > p > ph
    • d > t > th
    • g > k > kh
    • qu > qh
  • Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. j, gi) becomes /t͡ʃ/.
  • Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of s, v, b) are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with f, e.g. vinu > finu, bibere > pifere
  • Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. octō > uttu
    • mn > nn
    • ct > tt
    • x /ks/ > ss
  • Prothesis before word-initial r- or sC-, e.g. rẹge > arike, stella > astella

The following are later developments within OP.

  • Stressed open vowels are lengthened, later diphthongised e.g. car'tate > kharthaethe
    • a > ae /ɛː/
    • e > ei /ɛi/
    • i > ie /iː/
    • ą > au /ɑː/
    • u > ue /uː/
  • /au/ merges with /ɑː/ < L. o, e.g. auru > auru /ɑːru/
  • All other unstressed internal vowels are lost between stressed syllables, wherever possible, e.g. aumine > aunne
  • Syllabic liquids ḷ, ṛ develop between other consonants, e.g. sacramentum > sakhṛmentu

Middle Pulqer Changes

  • Geminate resonants (ll, rr, nn, mm) are preoccluded (> tl, tr, tn, pm, e.g. khapallu > khapatlu.
  • Final vowels are lost, e.g. mueru > muer
  • f becomes h, e.g. filtś > hiltś
  • Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. khatth > khath
  • r and l become unstable, the former usually preferred in pre-vocalic position and the latter in post-vocalic position, e.g. phlutś > phrutś.

Modern Pulqer Changes

  • Loss of vowel quantity, e.g. autn > atn
    • ae > e
    • ei > i
    • ie > i
    • au > a
    • ue > u
  • Aspirated stops merge with unaspirated (th, kh, ph > t, k, p), e.g. khath > kat.
  • Development of epenthetic vowel y /ə/, e.g. kapatl > kapatyl