Eadlan/Older draft: Difference between revisions
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|| ''b'' + single unasp. stop || ''p'' + single asp. stop || ''d'' + single unasp. stop || ''t'' + single asp. stop || ''g'' + single unasp. stop || ''k'' + single asp. stop | || ''b'' + single unasp. stop || ''p'' + single asp. stop || ''d'' + single unasp. stop || ''t'' + single asp. stop || ''g'' + single unasp. stop || ''k'' + single asp. stop | ||
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The hypothetical ''qC~lC'' gradation has merged with ''llC~lC'' gradation. | |||
====Sibilant-obstruent clusters==== | ====Sibilant-obstruent clusters==== |
Revision as of 20:06, 27 April 2020
Older draft | |
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Năhtuıyin | |
Created by | User:IlL |
Setting | Verse:AETHER |
Shalaic
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Netagin (Năhtuıyin /ˈnəʔtʰʉjin/) is a Sami, Hebrew and Windermere-inspired Shalaic language. It is related to Shalaian but phonologically is less conservative.
Netagin has notably developed Uralic-style consonant gradation. It also has non-rhoticity as a historical sound change, a sprachbund feature it shares with Shalaian but in a much more limited fashion (Only word-final /r/ is lost).
About
External history
This is the sixth reincarnation of Netagin (my past Hebrew-inspired conlangs).
I was getting bored of standard-fare Semitic and Celtic aesthetics, so I decided to try out a much more (mainly Northern and Skolt) Sami aesthetic and make the Hebrew influence much more subtle (at least phonologically).
Internal history
Netagin is a conlang created by Edna Ashe. Like its relative Shalaian, it is loosely inspired by Hebrew and (in-universe) Philadelphia English, and Celtic languages.
Both Netagin and Shalaian are used as liturgical languages in Ashe's personal system of spirituality.
Internal² history
Shalaian and Netagin belong to a common sprachbund. They are two different branches of the Shalaic family that convergently evolved to share the following features:
- Preglottalization
- Large vowel system
- Historical non-rhoticity
- Verb-initial syntax
- Split-ergativity
Unlike Shalaian, Netagin is a "satem" language, i.e. labiovelars become plain velars and plain velars become palatalized.
Phonology
"Northern + Skolt Sami but more Windermere and Tíogall"
Vowels
/ɪ u ɛ ɔ ə ɨ a iə uə eə oə ɨə/ i u e o ă ĭ a ia ua ea oa ĭa
Umlauted counterparts of the above are marked with ı:
/i ʉ e ɵ ɨ æ ie ue ie oe ɨɪ/ iı uı eı ăı aı ieı ueı eaı oeı ĭeı
Proto-Netagin a ā i ī u ū ə + modal/stød -> a o/oa e/ea i/ie u/ua ă ĭ/ĭa
Consonants
- Nasals: m bm bmm hm hmm n dn dnn hn hnn /m pm p:m m̥ː m̥:: n tn t:n n̥ː n̥ː:/
- Stops:
- p hp hpp b hb hbb f /pʰ ʔpʰ ʔ:pʰ p~b hp h:p v/
- t ht htt d hd hdd th /tʰ ʔtʰ t~d ht ð/
- ț hț hțț ḑ hḑ hḑḑ z /tsʰ ʔtsʰ ts~dz hts z/
- c̦ hc̦ hc̦c̦ ģ hģ hģģ j /tʃʰ ʔtʃʰ tʃ~dʒ htʃ ʒ/
- ξ hξ hξξ λ hλ hλλ ƛ /tɬʰ ʔtɬʰ tɬ~dɮ htɬ l/
- c hc hcc g hg hgg /kʰ ʔkʰ k~g hk/
- q hq hqq /qʰ ʔqʰ/
- Fricatives: s ss s's ș șș ș'ș σ σσ σ'σ h hh h'h /s sː ʃ ʃː ɬ ɬː h xː/
- Other resonants:
- l ll gll hl hll /ʟ qː χː/
- r rr drr hr hrr /r tr r̥ː/
- y yy gyy hy hyy /j cː çː/
- w ww gww hw hww /w kʷː xʷː/
Stress
Stress is always final.
Gradation
There are 3 gradation grades in Netagin morphology, termed weak, strong, overlong or I, II, III. These are purely morphological: different forms a word may require different grades, and a form may be marked through gradation alone.
Simple consonants
Weak (I) | f | b | th | d | z | ḑ | y | ģ | ƛ | λ | j | g | q /q⁼/ | s | ș | σ | h | m | n | l | r | y | w |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strong (II) | hb | hp | hd | ht | hḑ | hț | hģ | hc̦ | hλ | hξ | hg | hc | hq | ss | șș | σσ | hh | bm | dn | ll | rr | yy | ww |
Overlong (III) | hbb | hpp | hdd | htt | hḑḑ | hțț | hģģ | hc̦c̦ | hλλ | hξξ | hgg | hcc | hqq | ss | șș | σσ | hh | hm | hn | gll | drr | gyy | gww |
Geminates
Geminates in Netagin largely arise from historical nC, /ʔ h/ + C, C + /ʔ h/ → C: sound changes.
Weak (I) | hb | hp | hd | ht | hḑ | hț | hģ | hc̦ | hλ | hξ | hg | hc | hq | ss | șș | σσ | hh | bm | dn | ll | rr | yy | ww | hl | hr | hy | hw |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strong (II) = Overlong (III) | hbb | hpp | hdd | htt | hḑḑ | hțț | hģģ | hc̦c̦ | hλλ | hξξ | hgg | hcc | hqq | s's | ș'ș | σ'σ | h'h | bmm /p:m/ | dnn /t:n/ | gll /q:ʟ/ | drr /t:ɾ/ | gyy /ɟː/ | gww /gːʷ/ | hll | hrr | hyy | hww |
Clusters with resonants
Cluster type | PR | RR | FR | RX, R ≠ l | lX (l = /ʟ/) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weak (I) | PIR | RRII | FIR | RXI | lXI |
Strong (II) | PIIR | RRII | FItR | RXII | qXI |
Overlong (III) | PIIIR | RRIII | FIIR | RXIII | llXI |
- R = resonant /m n ʟ r j w/
- X = obstruent
- P = stop
- F = fricative /s ʃ ɬ/
- CI, CII, CIII = simple consonant in the corresponding gradation grade
Stop-obstruent clusters
Weak (I) | f + single unasp. stop | f + single asp. stop | th + single unasp. stop | th + single asp. stop | w + single unasp. stop | w + single asp. stop |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strong (II) = Overlong (III) | b + single unasp. stop | p + single asp. stop | d + single unasp. stop | t + single asp. stop | g + single unasp. stop | k + single asp. stop |
The hypothetical qC~lC gradation has merged with llC~lC gradation.
Sibilant-obstruent clusters
Weak (I) | sp, st, etc. /sp, st, .../ | șp, șt, etc. /ʃp, ʃt, .../ | łp, łt, etc. /ɬp, ɬt, .../ |
---|---|---|---|
Strong (II) = Overlong (III) | spp, stt, etc. /sːp, sːt, .../ | șpp, ștt, etc. /ʃːp, ʃːt, .../ | łpp, łtt, etc. /ɬːp, ɬːt, .../ |
Morphology
Nouns
Netagin has singular, dual, and plural numbers, and animate and inanimate genders. Some inanimates end in -ă, which is cognate to the Shalaian honorific suffix -er.
Netagin nouns take the definite article pă and the specific article nă.
Todo: Even and odd nouns
Possessive markers
Possessive markers haƀe different forms depending on number and case.
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Adjectives
animate:
- nominative: qoahđbi /qʰoəθːpi/, qoađbidd /qʰoəðbidːt/, qoađbun /qʰoəðbun/ <- PShal *qũdba, *qũdband, *qũdbaan
- genitive: qoađbă /qʰoəðbə/, qoahđbin /qʰoəθ:pin/, qoahđbă /qʰoəθ:pə/ <- *qũdbat, *qũdband=igid, *qũdbii
inanimate
- nominative: qoahđb, qoađbădd, qoahđbu <- *qũdbu, *qũdbund, *qũdbaa
- genitive: qoađb, qoahđbin, qoađbuk <- *qũdbuk, *qũdbund=igid, *qũdbaak
Pronouns
Independent pronouns
- 1s hweal
- 2s hwead
- 1d hweażab
- 2d hweanib
- 1p hweaż
- 2p hweani
Syntax
Lushootseed (predicate first)?
Myl las oszað, byddzal = Give me your hand, my love
Vocabulary
Shalaian as major loan source?