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Cerian: Difference between revisions
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===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | <!-- ===Nouns=== | ||
Cerian nouns have lost most of the inflections of Íscégon, leaving only a predictable agglutinative pattern, regular for almost all nouns. Cerian nouns distinguish two cases - one called "nominative" (but also used as accusative), and an "indirect" (<small>AKA</small> oblique) case used after all prepositions and as the object of some verbs.<br/> | Cerian nouns have lost most of the inflections of Íscégon, leaving only a predictable agglutinative pattern, regular for almost all nouns. Cerian nouns distinguish two cases - one called "nominative" (but also used as accusative), and an "indirect" (<small>AKA</small> oblique) case used after all prepositions and as the object of some verbs.<br/> | ||
Nouns also distinguish between singular and plural, but the two forms are identical for all nouns ending in a vowel; to avoid ambiguity, Cerian has developed a marked plural (usually called the "indefinite plural") used when the plurality is important but not otherwise shown in a sentence. Every noun has the indefinite plural (which is completely regular), even nouns ending in ''-n'' which do mark plural normally. The indefinite plural, however, is never used in the indirect case, as indirect plurals are always marked. | Nouns also distinguish between singular and plural, but the two forms are identical for all nouns ending in a vowel; to avoid ambiguity, Cerian has developed a marked plural (usually called the "indefinite plural") used when the plurality is important but not otherwise shown in a sentence. Every noun has the indefinite plural (which is completely regular), even nouns ending in ''-n'' which do mark plural normally. The indefinite plural, however, is never used in the indirect case, as indirect plurals are always marked. | ||
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:: ton+šo = ''tójo'', ton+šen = ''tójen'' | :: ton+šo = ''tójo'', ton+šen = ''tójen'' | ||
* ''toro'' – to (dative) | * ''toro'' – to (dative) | ||
:: toro+šo = ''tóšo'', toro+šen = ''tóšen'' | :: toro+šo = ''tóšo'', toro+šen = ''tóšen'' --> | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Like other descendants of Íscégon, Cerian radically restructured the Íscégon verbal system. While Íscégon had a system of mostly prefixing inflections that mainly changed aspect or valency, these inflections have with time transformed into self-standing verbs, becoming a derivational process rather than an inflectional one (cf. Ísc. ''táso'' "I walk", ''máentáso'' "I start walking" → Cer. ''tóson'' "to go, walk", ''méntón'', earlier ''méntóson'' "to depart"). These aspectual inflections and valency changes are now marked by auxiliary verbs or adverbs (with few exceptions); meanwhile, Cerian (and other descendants of Íscégon, as well as some languages influenced by it in a sprachbund covering various parts of central Evandor, most notably Nordûlaki) started cliticizing at the end of the verb various adverbs that served to indicate tense; later on, in Cerian (excluding some Southern dialects) and Péigu only, final ''-n'' in some of those adverbs started being analyzed as a feminine marker, which led to it being added to those verbs that did not have it, resulting in the present system that morphologically marks tense and gender. | |||
Conjugation of "to be" ''(íso)'' — where two forms are given, the first is masculine and the other is feminine. | Morphologically, Cerian verbs are simple and agglutinative, however they are used in various auxiliary constructions in order to mark aspect, mood, and valency. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | Tense !! rowspan=2 | Suffix !! colspan=2 | ''čeléton'' "to read" | |||
|- | |||
! Masculine !! Feminine | |||
|- | |||
! Remote past | |||
| -re(n), -e(n) || čeléto'''re''' || čeléto'''ren''' | |||
|- | |||
! Hesternal past | |||
| -(m)óni(n) || čelét'''óni''' || čelét'''ónin''' | |||
|- | |||
! Hodiernal past | |||
| -aše(n) || čelétu'''aše''' || čelétu'''ašen''' | |||
|- | |||
! Present | |||
| -∅ || colspan=2 | čeléto | |||
|- | |||
! Near future | |||
| -útei(n) || čelét'''útei''' || čelét'''´útein''' | |||
|- | |||
! Distant future<br/>Speculative future | |||
| -tuéle(n) || čeléto'''tuéle''' || čeléto'''tuélen''' | |||
|} | |||
<!-- Conjugation of "to be" ''(íso)'' — where two forms are given, the first is masculine and the other is feminine. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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Example conjugation of another verb - ''čéléton'' "to read" (stem ''čélét-''): | Example conjugation of another verb - ''čéléton'' "to read" (stem ''čélét-''): | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | ↓ Tense / → Aspect !! colspan=3 | Indicative !! colspan=3 | Subjunctive | ! rowspan=2 | ↓ Tense / → Aspect !! colspan=3 | Indicative !! colspan=3 | Subjunctive | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Passive forms are formed by using the passive participles instead of the active ones; habitual and continuous indicative use the participles with the respective forms of ''íso'' (e.g. ''čeletótín'' → ''čéleté esítin'', ''zončéléti'' → ''čéleté zoníso/zoníten''). | Passive forms are formed by using the passive participles instead of the active ones; habitual and continuous indicative use the participles with the respective forms of ''íso'' (e.g. ''čeletótín'' → ''čéleté esítin'', ''zončéléti'' → ''čéleté zoníso/zoníten''). --> | ||
--> | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||