Verse:Lõis/Qivattutannguaq: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 20:58, 6 May 2020
Lõis/Qivattutannguaq | |
---|---|
Qivattutannguaq | |
Pronunciation | [/hivatːutaŋːuaχ/] |
Created by | IlL |
Setting | Lõis |
Indo-European
|
Qivattutannguaq (Qivattutannguaq /hivatːutaŋːuaχ/ or Qivattuq tannguaq /hivatːuχ taŋːuaχ/) is an Indo-European language inspired by Greenlandic, Old Persian and Proto-Celtic.
Qivattutannguaq is a result of Indo-European being influenced by Inuit languages. It was spoken in Qivattulunnun, which is located in our Great Britain.
It was divided into two registers, the high register Qunngartutannguaq ("perfected language") and the Estonian-like vernacular Prisinitutannguaq ("natural language"). Qunngartutannguaq is still used as a source of loans in modern British Isle languages such as Pestonian.
- qaqartuq = narrow
- wiquq = virus (cognatization of Latin virus)
- siiman = seed (related to German Keim)
- tiutaa = tribe; the people
- Tiuppateer = Qivattu counterpart of Zeus/Jupiter
- teewaq = god
- siuqit < *ǵews-eti = he tries
- suqtuq (< *ǵews-tus) = attempt
- imaq (m) = sea
- iqalugaq (m) = trout
- anuri (n) = storm
- iqariuq = red <- h₁ésh₂ṛ-yos
- talguq = long
- tuattuq (m) = trail <- duh₂-ntos
- arsattuq (m) = silver
- taiseet = he pinpoints, he locates
- ziimaa = winter
- wivuneet (wi-wonh1-eyeti) = he aspires
Todo
Include some sound change laws conditioned by PIE glottalization? Some Uralic gradation-like thing?
Names
Phonology
Qivattutannguaq has a rather small phonology.
Vowels: i u a ii uu ee aa ai au iu ui
Consonants: p v t d s z k g q m n ng l r j w wh /p v t ð~d s z k ɣ~g χ m n ŋ l r j w ʍ/
Voiceless stops are unaspirated.
i u are pronounced [e o] before q.
Diachronics
o > u
RC > aRC
l before voiceless consonants = /ɬ/
nt > tt; nd, ndʰ > nn
Pronouns
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | jaa | ammii |
Genitive | mini | ammaqun |
Dative | mai | ammavuq |
Accusative | mi | ammi |
Ablative | minit, miit | ammavuq |
Locative | minit, miit | ammavi |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | tuu | juu |
Genitive | tivi | junngaqun |
Dative | tai | junngavuq |
Accusative | ti | junngi |
Ablative | tivit, tiit | junngavuq |
Locative | tivit, tiit | junngavi |
(Number-neutral) | |
---|---|
Nominative | - |
Genitive | qivi |
Dative | qai |
Accusative | qi |
Ablative | qivit, qiit |
Locative | qivit, qiit |
- siqu, siqaa, situt = this
- qu, qaa, tut = that
- ju, jaa, jut = which (relative pronoun)
- kiq? kia? kit? = who? what?
Nouns
Functions of the cases
Qivattutannguaq has 6 or 7 cases depending on register.
- The nominative is used for subjects and predicate objects. In Prisinitutannguaq, it is also used for direct objects.
- Dative objects and benefactives use the dative. It is also used for "have", as in Latin.
- The genitive is used for attributive possession and "belongs to" possession. Genitives come befire nouns.
- In Qunngartutannguaq, the direct object of an affirmative verb takes the accusative, and the direct object of a negated verb takes the genitive:
- Suwaa iwiti walkun. = The dog saw a wolf.
- Suwaa neen iwiti walkaa. = The dog did not see a wolf.
- Static locations take the locative. A preposition such as in or at can be used but is not necessary.
- Destinations for prepositions indicating destination like in 'into', at 'at' or ipi 'onto' take the accusative.
- "from a location" generally just takes the ablative, but some contexts require the preposition ut. (such as from a place that is city-sized or larger: ut vukaat 'from the city', but taamiat 'from the house')
- For 'with' (instrumental) su + ablative is used. 'With' (comitative) requires the preposition san + ablative.
- Agents of passive verbs use the ablative.
Thematic
o-stems
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | valkuq | valkaaq |
Genitive | valkaa | valkuun |
Dative | valkai | valkavuq |
Accusative | valkun | valkuuq |
Ablative | valkiat | valkavuq |
Locative | valkiat | valkavi |
Vocative | valki! | valkaaq! |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | wirdun | wirdaa |
Genitive | wirdaa | wirduun |
Dative | wirdai | wirdavuq |
Accusative | wirdun | wirdaa |
Ablative | wirdiat | wirdavuq |
Locative | wirdiat | wirdavi |
Vocative | wirdi! | wirdaa! |
eh2-stems
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | vukaa | vukaaq |
Genitive | vukaaq | vukuun |
Dative | vukai | vukaavuq |
Accusative | vukaan | vukaaq |
Ablative | vukaat | vukaavuq |
Locative | vukaat | vukaavi |
Vocative | vukaa! | vukaaq! |
u-stems
Masculine and feminine u-stems decline as follows:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | quunuq | quunuwiq |
Genitive | quuniuq | quunuun |
Dative | quuniwi | quunuvuq |
Accusative | quunun | quunuuq |
Ablative | quunut | quunuvuq |
Locative | quunut | quunuvi |
Vocative | quunu! | quunuwiq! |
naawuq (f.) 'boat, ship' is a little irregular:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | naawuq | naawiq |
Genitive | naajuq | naawuun |
Dative | naawi | naawuvuq |
Accusative | naawun | naawuuq |
Ablative | naawut | naawuvuq |
Locative | naawut | naawuvi |
Vocative | naawu! | naawiq! |
Neuter u-stems decline as follows:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | iglu | iglua |
Genitive | igliuq | igluun |
Dative | igliwi | igluvuq |
Accusative | iglu | iglua |
Ablative | iglut | igluvuq |
Locative | iglut | igluvi |
Vocative | iglu! | iglua! |
i-stems
Masculine and feminine i-stems:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | ingniq | ingniiq |
Genitive | ingniiq | ingnuun |
Dative | ingnii | ingnivuq |
Accusative | ingnin | ingniiq |
Ablative | ingnit | ingnivuq |
Locative | ingnit | ingnivi |
Vocative | ingni! | ingniiq! |
Also: teepputiq 'master'.
Neuter i-stems:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | anuri | anuria |
Genitive | anuriiq | anurijuun |
Dative | anurii | anurivuq |
Accusative | anuri | anuria |
Ablative | anurit | anurivuq |
Locative | anurit | anurivi |
Vocative | anuri! | anuria! |
h2-stems
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | imaq | imaaq |
Genitive | imiaq | imuun |
Dative | imai | imavuq |
Accusative | iman | imaaq |
Ablative | imat | imavuq |
Locative | imat | imavi |
Vocative | ima! | imaat! |
n-stems
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | zamaa | zamuniq |
Genitive | zamuuq | zamunuun |
Dative | zamunii | zamunavuq |
Accusative | zamunan | zamunaaq |
Ablative | zamunit | zamunavuq |
Locative | zamunit | zamunavi |
Vocative | zamuni! | zamuniq! |
-mn-nouns
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | numan | numanaa |
Genitive | numaaq | numanuun |
Dative | numanii | numanavuq |
Accusative | numan | numanaa |
Ablative | numanit | numanavuq |
Locative | numanit | numanavi |
Vocative | numan! | numanaa! |
Also: wirman 'time', wingman 'clothes'
Athematic
Example nouns: qaullaq = sun; apalaq = apple
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | reezaq | reeziq |
Genitive | reeziaq | reezuun |
Dative | reezii | reezavuq |
Accusative | reezan | reezaaq |
Ablative | reezit | reezavuq |
Locative | reezit | reezavi |
Vocative | rees! | reeziq! |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | iqalugaq | iqalugiq |
Genitive | iqalugiaq | iqaluguun |
Dative | iqalugii | iqalugavuq |
Accusative | iqalugan | iqalugaaq |
Ablative | iqalugit | iqalugavuq |
Locative | iqalugit | iqalugavi |
Vocative | iqaluk! | iqalugiq! |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | wutar | wutaraa |
Genitive | wutariaq | wutaruun |
Dative | wutarii | wutaravuq |
Accusative | wutaran | wutaraa |
Ablative | wutarit | wutaravuq |
Locative | wutarit | wutaravi |
Vocative | wutar! | wutaraa! |
pateer-class
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | pateer | patiriq |
Genitive | patriaq | patiruun |
Dative | patrii | patiravuq |
Accusative | patran | patiraaq |
Ablative | patrit | patiravuq |
Locative | patrit | patiravi |
Vocative | patir! | patiriq! |
Declined similarly: maateer, vraateer, whiqeer, dukateer, Tippateer = father, mother, brother, sister, daughter, (Hivatish sky god)
Adjectives
Adjectives fall into three main declensions: -uq adjectives (~ Latin 1st declension adjectives), -iq adjectives (~ Latin 3rd declension adjectives), and -aq adjectives (containing verb participles).
-uq adjectives
- nom: -uq, -aa, -un, pl. -aaq, -aaq, -aa
-iq adjectives
- nom. -iq, -iq, -i; pl. -iiq, -iiq, -ia
-aq adjectives
nom. -aq, -aq, -an; pl. -aaq, -aaq, -aa
Prepositions
- su = w/ abl.: with (instrumental)
- san = w/ abl.: with (comitative)
- viz = w/ gen.: without
- in
- w/ acc.: into
- w/ loc.: inside
- at = at
- w/ acc.: towards; at
- attir =
- w/ loc.: between,
- w/ acc.: against
- ut = w/ abl.: out of
- ipi
- w/ acc.: onto
- w/ loc.: on
- tira
- w/ acc: (moving) through, beyond
- w/ loc: beyond
Verbs
Qivattutannguaq verbs have only three tenses: present, past, and optative.
Athematic
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1 | tituami | titumaq |
2 | tituaq | tituti |
3 | tituat | tituut |
e/o-thematic
These verbs often take the past form from PIE root aorists.
Some verbs in this class:
- vilsit, ivalsi = shines
- vinnit, ivanni = binds
- siuqit, isuqi = tries
Present | ||
---|---|---|
Person | Active | Passive |
1SG | vinnaa | vinnaar |
2SG | vinniq | vinnitar |
3SG | vinnit | vinnitur |
1PL | vinnumaq | vinnumaqti |
2PL | vinniti | vinnitau |
3PL | vinnuut | vinnuttur |
Past | ||
Person | Active | Passive |
1SG | ivanna | ivannar |
2SG | ivanta | ivantar |
3SG | ivanni | ivannur |
1PL | ivannami | ivannamaqti |
2PL | ivannati | ivannatau |
3PL | ivanneer | ivanneerur |
Optative | ||
Person | Active | Passive |
1SG | vinnaimi | vinnajaar |
2SG | vinnaiq | vinnaitar |
3SG | vinnait | vinnaitur |
1PL | vinnaimaq | vinnaimaqti |
2PL | vinnaiti | vinnaitau |
3PL | vinnajuut | vinnajuttur |
Imperative | ||
Person | Active | Passive |
2SG | vinni! | vinniqi! |
3SG | vinnitaa! | vinnitaar! |
2PL | vinniti! | vinnitau! |
3PL | vinnuttaa! | vinnuttaar! |
Participles | ||
Tense | Active | Passive |
Present | vinnattaq | vinnumuq |
Past | vannawuq | vannuq |
Nasal infix present verbs
-eh2- verbs
teepputijaat = he rules
- present: teepputijaa, tepputijaaq, teepputijaat, teepputijaamaq, teepputijaati, teepputijaat
- past: iteepputijaaqa, iteepputijaaqta, iteepputijaaqi, iteepputijaangmi, iteepputijaaqti, iteepputijaaqeer
-éye- verbs
taiseet (*doyḱ-éye-ti) = he locates, he pinpoints
- present: taisijaa, taiseeq, taiseet, taisijaamaq, taiseeti, taisijuut
- past: itaiseeqa, itaiseeqta, itaiseeqi, itaiseengmi, itaiseeqti, itaiseeqeer
Copula
- present: ingmi, iq, eet, ingmaq, iqti, quut
- past: iqqa, iqta, iqqi, iqami, iqati, iqqeer
Numerals
- zero: nuilluq (m.), nuillaa (f.), nuillun (n.)
- I: ainuq (m.), ainaa (f.), ainun (n.); ordinal parmuq
- II: tuwai (animate), tuwaa (inanimate); ordinal antiruq
- III: triiq (animate), tria (inanimate); ordinal trituq
- IIII: kituariq (animate), kituara (inanimate); ordinal kituartuq
- Λ. pikkiq; ordinal piktuq
- ΛΙ: whiiq; ordinal whiqtuq
- ΛΙΙ: qiptan; ordinal qiptammuq
- ΛΙΙΙ: ustaa; ordinal ustammuq
- ΛIIII: niwan; ordinal niwammuq
- Χ: tisan; ordinal tisammuq
- XI: ainuqupirtisan
- XII: tuuqupirtisan
- XIII: triiqupirtisan
- XIIII: kituarqupirtisan
- XΛ: pikkiqupirtisan
- XΛI: whiiqupirtisan
- XΛII: qiptaqupirtisan
- XΛIII: ustaqupirtisan
- XΛIIII: niwaqupirtisan
- XX: tuiqtisan
- XXX: tirtisan
- XXXX: kituartisan
- D: pikkitisan
- DX: whiiqtisan
- DXX: qiptattisan
- DXXX: ustaatisan
- DXXXX: niwattisan
- O: sattun
- Q: pikkisattun
- M: tuqsattun
- Ī (10000): zilliun
- Ī̄ (1,0000,0000): tussilliun
Numerals percede nouns. Numbers above 1 take the genitive (partitive) singular.
Declension
ainuq declines as a singular -uq adjective. pikkiq and whiiq decline like -iq adjectives, and qiptun, astaa, nivun and tisun decline like neuter nouns.
tuwaa
- nom./acc./voc. tuwaa (inanimate), tuwai (animate)
- gen. tuwuun, tuun
- dat./abl. tuwaavuq (inanimate), tuwaivuq (animate)
- loc. tuwaavi (inanimate), tuwaivi (animate)
tria
- nom./acc./voc. triiq (animate), tria (inanimate)
- gen. trijuun
- dat./abl. triivuq
- loc. triivi
kituara
- nom./acc./voc. kituariq (animate), kituara (inanimate)
- gen. kituaruun
- dat./abl. kituaravuq
- loc. kituaravi
Derivation
- -isuq = forms adjectives (< -ik'os)
- Verb prefixes: in-, at-, attir-, pi-, su-, san-, ik(s)-, pir-, qupir-, quu-, ...
- Ex. from wiitit 'he sees': ikwiitit 'he identifies, he susses out', atwiitit 'he looks at', piwiitit 'he sees fit'; attirpiwiitit 'he agrees'; suwiitit 'he sees to it (that)'
- -inuq = agent
- -inia (from *-nih2) = feminine agent
- reezinia = queen, from reezaq king
- -allun (from *-tlóm) = instrument
Syntax
Qunngartutannguaq word order is SOV by default but can be changed due to emphasis. On the other hand, Prisinitutannguaq is consistently SVO.
- Kiiwuq piksuq wutarit naaksit.
- The living fish swims in the water.
Adjectives and genitives precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns.
Sample texts
Schleicher's Fable
Awiq iswaaq-ki
Awiq, jungmai walinaa neen iqqi, iwiti iswuuq, ainun karun waznun tinngattan, ainun-ki mizalun kraaman, ainun-ki zamunan asu virattan. Awiq nuu iswavuq iwaki: "Sartaq anngitur mai, witattii zamunan iswuuq asattan." Iswaaq nuu awii iwakeer: "Asauqee, awi, sartaq anngitur ammai witattavuq situt: Zamaa, teepputiq, ut awijuun walinaat karnit qai girmun wingman. Awii nuu walinaa neen eet." Awiq nuu situt slauqaawuq in plaanun ivuki.
Hypothetical Roman transcription
AVEH·ISVACCI
AVEH·IVGMÆ·VALINA·NEN·EHHI·IVITI·ISVVH·ÆNVN·CARVN·VAZNVN·TINGATTAN·ÆNVNCI·MIZALVN·CRAMAN·ÆNVNCI·ZAMVNAN·ASV·FIRATTAN