User:IlL/Spare pages 1/55

A-Tiberian Hebrew is the same as ours but with ejectives for emphatics instead of pharyngealized consonants.

As in our timeline, Hebrew accents in the AETHER timeline can be divided into three major types:

• Ashkenazi-type: segol, pataħ, and qamatz are all distinct; tav is lenited (e.g. Modern Standard, Gaelic)
• Sephardi-type: segol != pataħ = qamatz; tav is not lenited (e.g. Vertlandic)
• Babylonian-type: segol = pataħ != qamatz (e.g. Indian)

Standard

Hebrew in Lõis was first revived by English-speaking Jewish immigrants in the Holy Land. Most speakers in the Holy Land today use a simplified version of English Hebrew, with a Vertlandic Hebrew touch.

• Stressed vowels are slightly longer than unstressed syllables.
• TibH /p t k/ are aspirated except after fricatives; voicing assimilation works like in English
• "overuse" of glottal reinforcement relative to Vertlandic Hebrew: the Revived Hebrew phonemes /p t k ts/ are realized as [ʔp ʔt ʔk ʔts] after a vowel or /m n l/.
• beth, kaf, pe, tav without dagesh are [v, x, f, θ~θ̠].
• vav is [v], like in Israeli Hebrew
• lamed not before a vowel is dark [ɫ] and is often vocalized to [w].
• A six-vowel system: /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/ = [i ɛ ɛ a ɔ ø u~ü]. /ø/ is lowered to [œ] before [χ].
  • Diphthongal realizations of /i e o/ as [ɪj~eɪ ɛɪ~aɪ ɑːʏ̯̈~aː] are often used in mockery of pretentious or Ultra-Orthodox people.
• resh is [ɹ], and sometimes [ɾ] in careful liturgical accents. in basilectal speech, non-prevocalic [ɹ] is dropped with compensatory lengthening or diphthongization. It causes the following phonetic changes to vowels.
  • patakh + resh: קר TibH /kʼar/ 'cold' becomes [kʰɑɹ] car
  • kamatz + resh: דבר TibH /dɔˈvɔr/ 'thing' becomes [dovoɹ] dovor
  • segol + resh: כתר TibH /ˈkɛθɛr/ 'crown' becomes [ˈkʰɛθeəɹ] cether
  • tzere + resh: חצר TibH /ħɔˈtsʼer/ 'yard' becomes [xoˈtseəɹ] chotser
  • khiriq + resh: עיר TibH /ʕir/ 'city, town' becomes [iəɹ] ir
  • kholam + resh: חור TibH /ħor/ 'hole' becomes [xœɹ~xɞɹ~xɜɹ] chœr
  • shuruq + resh: סגור TibH /sɔˈɣur/ 'closed (state)' becomes [soˈguəɹ] sogur
• Shva is dropped using similar rules to Israeli Hebrew. If shva is pronounced as a vowel, it is pronounced as [ə].
• Obstruent + /θ/ clusters are allowed, e.g. סתיו /sθov/ sthov 'autumn', שתה /ʃθɛ/ shthe 'drink! (m. sg.)'
• Ayin not before a vowel (whether shva, chataf or final) behaves much like in Israeli Hebrew: /aʕ eʕ ɔʕ oʕ iʕ uʕ/ = [ɑ: ea oa~o øa ia ua]. Nasal realizations [ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɔ̃ː œ̃ː iɑ̃~ẽː uɑ̃~õː] or pharyngeal realizations (pronouncing a pharyngeal ayin) may be present in proper and formal speech.
• /h/-dropping does not occur word-initially or on the onset of a stressed syllable, except possibly in function words. The /h/ in the definite article /ha/ is not dropped phrase-initially.

The grammar is nearly identical to our Israeli Hebrew (using suffix conjugation = past, participle = present, prefix conjugation = future/imperative, l- + infinitive construct = infinitive), but different phonological simplifications are made than in Israeli Hebrew and there are calques from English not used in Israeli Hebrew, such as מה מעלה /ma ˈmaːlo/ = "what's up?"

• The compensatory lengthening rule /a/ (patakh) to /o/ (qamatz), /i/ (khiriq) to /e/ (tzere), /u/ (qubbutz) to /ø/ (holam) is consistently observed before an underlying geminate /ʔ/ (aleph or ayin) and /r/ in morphologically geminate forms such as piʕel verbs.
  • In particular, the definite article is usually ha, but always ho before Revived phonemes /ʔ r/.
• The /ʔu-/ allomorph for ו 'and' may be used hypercorrectly. In normative Hebrew this allomorph is only found before labials and C + shva where C != yud.

Vertlandic

Vertlandic Jews (called "Sephardim" in-universe) have the following features:

• begadkefat acts on /b d k p/ → /v ð x f/; /g ɣ/ may be [ŋ]
• glottal reinforcement before tet, tsadi, and kuf
• segol = ə, pataħ = QG = a, tsere = əy, ħolam = əw, ħiriq = i, QQ = shuruq = u

Gaelic

Gaelic (or "Galician") Hebrew has been influenced by Ăn Yidiș and Cubrite. Similar to our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except

• /e ɔ o u/ are pronounced like Judeo-Gaelic ea o u î
• undageshed gimel is pronounced like Judeo-Gaelic gh
• /r/ is an alveolar flap
• /z/ is [ʒ]. It is [z] in the Southern accent.

Revived Galician Hebrew (revived by some secular L-Galician Jews) prefers Celtic syntax, such as VSO word order and expressions for feelings and modals. It also prefers some coincidentally Gaelic-sounding words, e.g. אַךְ ach 'but' and שָׂשׂ sos 'happy' (sounding like Judeo-Gaelic ach 'but' and sostă 'satisfied') instead of the synonyms אֲבָל avol and שָׂמֵחַ someach. For these reasons other Hebrew speakers may perceive Revived Galician Hebrew as higher-register. Religious Jews prefer to speak Judeo-Gaelic and refuse to speak any form of Revived Hebrew, because they view Hebrew as a sacred language.

Sample (Dror Yikra)

Hebrew	Standard	Judeo-Gaelic	Vertlandic
דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף וְעֶבְרָה שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ	[dɹœɹ jiʔˈkɹo ləˈvɛn (ʔ)im baθ] [vəjinʔtsoɹˈχɛm kmø voˈvaθ] [nəˈ(ʔ)im ʃimˈχɛm vəˈlø juʃˈbaθ] [ʃvu nuˈχu bəˈjøm ʃaˈboθ] [dɹøʃ noˈvi və(ʔ)uloˈmi] [vəˈ(ʔ)øθ ˈjɛʃa (ʔ)aˈsɛ (ʔ)iˈmi] [nəʔˈta søˈɹɛʔk bəˈθœχ kɑɹˈmi] [ʃəˈ(ʔ)e ʃavˈ(ʔ)aθ bnɛ (ʔ)aˈmi] [dɹœχ pʊəˈɹo bəˈθox boʔtsˈɹo] [vəˈgam boˈvɛw (ʔ)aˈʃɛɹ govˈɹo] [nəˈθøʔts tsoˈɹaj bəˈ(ʔ)af və(ʔ)ɛvˈɹo] [ʃma køˈli bəˈjøm (ʔ)ɛʔkˈɹo] [ʔɛløʔˈkim tɛn bamidˈboɹ hɑɹ] [haˈdas ʃiʔˈto bəˈɹøʃ tidˈɦoɹ] [vəlamazˈɦiɹ vəlanizˈɦoɹ] [ʃløˈmim tɛn kəˈmɛ noˈhoɹ] [həˈdœχ koˈmaj χaj ʔɛw kaˈno] [bəˈmøg lɛˈvov uvimgiˈno] [wənɑɹˈχiv pɛ unmaˈlɛno] [ləʃøˈnɛnu ləˈχo ɹiˈno] [dəˈ(ʔ)ɛ χoχˈmo lənafˈʃɛχo] [vəˈhi ˈχɛθɛɹ ləɹøˈʃɛχo] [nəʔˈtsœɹ miʔtsˈvaθ kdøˈʃɛχo] [ʃmœɹ ʃaˈboθ kodˈʃɛχo]	[dəˈɾuɾ jiˈkʰɹo ləˈveən ʔim bas] [vəjintsoɾˈχem kʰəmu voˈvas] [nəˈʔim ʃimˈχem wəˈlu jɨʃˈbas] [ʃəˈvɨ nɨˈχɨ bəˈjum ʃaˈbos] [dəˈɾuʃ noˈvi vəʔɨloˈmi] [vəˈʔus ˈjeʃa ʔaˈseə ʔiˈmi] [nəˈtʰa suˈɾeək bəˈsuχ kʰaɾˈmi] [ʃəˈʔeə ʃavˈʔas bəneə ʔaˈmi] [dəˈɾuχ pɨˈɾo bəˈsuχ botsˈɾo] [vəˈɣam boˈveəl ʔaˈʃeɾ govˈɾo] [nəˈsuts tsoˈɾaj bəˈʔaf vəʔevˈɾo] [ʃəma kuˈli bəˈjum ʔekˈɾo] [ʔeluˈkim teən bamidˈboɾ haɾ] [haˈdas ʃiˈto bəɾuʃ tidˈɦoɾ] [vəlamaʒˈɦiɾ vəlaniʒˈɦoɾ] [ʃəluˈmim teən kʰəˈmeə noˈhoɾ] [həˈduχ koˈmaj χaj ʔeəl kaˈno] [bəˈmuɣ leəˈvov ɨvimɣiˈno] [vənaɾˈχiv peə ɨnmaˈleno] [ləʃuˈneənɨ ləˈχo ɾiˈno] [dəˈʔeə χoχˈmo lənafˈʃeχo] [vəˈhi ˈχeseɾ ləɾuˈʃeχo] [nəˈtsuɾ mitsˈvas kəduˈʃexo] [ʃəˈmuɾ ʃaˈbas kodˈʃexo]	[dəˈrəwr jiʔˈkra ləˈvəjn ʕim bat] [wəjinʔtsurˈxəm kəməw vaˈvat] [nəˈʕim ʃimˈxəm wəˈləw juʃˈbat] [ʃəvu nuˈħu bəˈjəwm ʃabˈbat] [dəˈrəwʃ naˈwi wəʔulaˈmi] [wəˈʔəwt ˈjəʃaʕ ʕɐˈsəj ʕimˈmi] [nəʔˈtaʕ səwˈrəjʔk bəˈtəwx karˈmi] [ʃəˈʕəj ʃəwˈʕat bənəj ʕamˈmi] [dəˈrəwx puˈra bəˈtəwx buʔtsˈra] [wəˈŋam baˈvəjl ʔaˈʃər ŋavˈra] [nəˈtəwʔts tsaˈraj bəˈʔaf wɐʕɐvˈra] [ʃəˈmɐʕ kəwˈli bəˈjəwm ʔəʔkˈra] [ʔələwʔˈkim təjn bammidˈbar har] [haˈdas ʃiʔtˈta bərəwʃ tidˈɦar] [wəlammazˈɦir wəlannizˈɦar] [ʃələwˈmim təjn kəˈməj naˈhar] [həˈdəwx kaˈməj ħaj ʔəjl kanˈna] [bəˈməwŋ ləjˈvav ʔuvimŋinˈna] [wənarˈħiv pə ʔunmalˈlənna] [ləʃəwˈnəjnu ləˈxa rinˈna] [dəˈʕəj ħuxˈma lənafˈʃəxa] [wəˈhi ˈxətər lərəwˈʃəxa] [nəʔˈtsəwr miʔtsˈwat kədəwˈʃəxa] [ʃəˈməwɾ ʃabˈbat kudˈʃəxa]