Tameï: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Tameï | |name = Tameï | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = тұмоубэ тұТамеи | ||
|pronunciation = {{IPA|[ | |pronunciation = {{IPA|[tuˈmou̯ɓɛ tutameˈi]}} | ||
|region = Tameï Islands, eastern [[w:Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]] | |region = Tameï Islands, eastern [[w:Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]] | ||
|ethnicity = Tameï | |ethnicity = Tameï | ||
| Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
|creator = [[User:Lili21|Lili21]] | |creator = [[User:Lili21|Lili21]] | ||
|created = Dec 2017 | |created = Dec 2017 | ||
|script = Extended [[w: | |script = Extended [[w:Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] | ||
|agency = Central National Committee of the Tameïan Language ('' | |agency = Central National Committee of the Tameïan Language (''ұкомитеты ұгұлауны ұланньэшыши тұмоубэйыр тұТамеи'' - ''КГЛМТ'') | ||
|image = Tameï-flag.png | |image = Tameï-flag.png | ||
|imagealt = Flag of the Tameï Islands | |imagealt = Flag of the Tameï Islands | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Tameï''' ('' | '''Tameï''' (''тұТамеи'' {{IPA|[tutameˈi]}} or ''тұмоубэ тұТамеи'' {{IPA|[tuˈmou̯ɓɛ tutameˈi]}}) is a language isolate spoken in the Tameï Islands (''хямша баТамеи'' {{IPA|[ˈxjamɕa batameˈi]}}), an independent volcanic archipelago country in the [[w:Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]], along the [[w:Ninety East Ridge|Ninety East Ridge]], one of the most remote sovereign countries on Earth, as the closest land, about 820 km ENE, is the [[w:Australia|Australian]] territory of the [[w:Cocos (Keeling) Islands|Cocos (Keeling) Islands]], and the closest integral territory of a sovereign country are the [[w:Mentawai Islands Regency|Mentawai Islands]] off the coast of [[w:Sumatra|Sumatra]], [[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]], about 1660 km to the northeast. | ||
Tameï is Earth's second most spoken language isolate (after [[w:Korean language|Korean]]), being the native tongue of about 42 million people, mostly in the Tameï Islands but also in countries of the former [[w:Soviet Union|USSR]]. Tameï is one of two official languages in the country - the '''Tameïan People's Socialist Republic''' (officially '' | Tameï is Earth's second most spoken language isolate (after [[w:Korean language|Korean]]), being the native tongue of about 42 million people, mostly in the Tameï Islands but also in countries of the former [[w:Soviet Union|USSR]]. Tameï is one of two official languages in the country - the '''Tameïan People's Socialist Republic''' (officially ''ұРесыпұбылихы ұСоциалиссичүки Ланньыр баТамеи'' and ''Социалистическая Республика Тамеиского Народа'') as [[w:Russian language|Russian]] is still official for historical and cultural reasons, despite actual Russian native speakers being only 1% of the Tameï population. | ||
Despite fairly regular contacts with the peoples of Indonesia through centuries, the first major external influence in the Tameï Islands came with the first Western contact in 1594 through a Dutch expedition by Johannes De Boer on the ship De Schildpad. Established in 1613 as a Dutch colony, the Tameï islands remained under Dutch rule until 1827, when they were conquered by the British. They remained a British colony until the Communist Revolution of 1934 which saw the Tameï Islands, extremely rich in raw materials, become an important partner of the USSR, | Despite fairly regular contacts with the peoples of Indonesia through centuries, the first major external influence in the Tameï Islands came with the first Western contact in 1594 through a Dutch expedition by Johannes De Boer on the ship De Schildpad. Established in 1613 as a Dutch colony, the Tameï islands remained under Dutch rule until 1827, when they were conquered by the British. They remained a British colony until the Communist Revolution of 1934 which saw the Tameï Islands, extremely rich in raw materials, become an important partner of the USSR (so much it was informally sometimes known as "the 16th Republic"); after the latter's dissolution, the country remained mostly isolated in the international community, which resulted in multi-party elections being allowed in 1999. Self-defined Tameï people (even if heavily intermixed with other groups) are the majority, forming 57% of the population; there are also substantial Pashtun (21%) and Punjabi (13%) components. Religiously, there is no absolute majority; the largest religion is [[w:Sufism|Sufi Islam]], followed by 30% of the population, with atheism or irreligiousness (28%) and more or less syncretic modern forms of Tameï shamanism (24%) also being relevant percentages. | ||
This history, and the varied ethnic composition of the Tameï state (which saw a large influx of West and South Asians during the British period, as well as European communists during the 20th century), are reflected in its language, which has up to 20% of its lexicon of foreign origin, with early loans from [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]] (borrowed early enough to have underwent Tameï vowel shifts), then from [[w:English language|English]], [[w:Persian language|Persian]], [[w:Pashto language|Pashto]] (the latter two especially in more colloquial registers), and more recently from Russian and [[w:Japanese language|Japanese]] (the latter because of heavy Japanese cultural influence since the end of the Communist era). Tameï's orthography was only created after the Revolution of 1934. The first orthography was based on Dutch spelling conventions, though the difficult way of representing some sounds specific to Tameï led to different proposals being considered. Finally, in 1943, the current Cyrillic orthography was introduced, requested by the government as a sign of political alignment with the Soviet Union; the orthography itself was heavily influenced by the Cyrillic alphabet for Kazakh that at the time had just been introduced. In contemporary Tameï, some words (mostly Russian proper names) keep the original spelling but pronounced as a Tameï word, like the city of ''Сталинахаль''<ref>Tameï for "Stalin City".</ref>, is {{IPA|[ | This history, and the varied ethnic composition of the Tameï state (which saw a large influx of West and South Asians during the British period, as well as European communists during the 20th century), are reflected in its language, which has up to 20% of its lexicon of foreign origin, with early loans from [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]] (borrowed early enough to have underwent Tameï vowel shifts), then from [[w:English language|English]], [[w:Persian language|Persian]], [[w:Pashto language|Pashto]] (the latter two especially in more colloquial registers), and more recently from Russian and [[w:Japanese language|Japanese]] (the latter because of heavy Japanese cultural influence since the end of the Communist era). Tameï's orthography was only created after the Revolution of 1934. The first orthography was based on Dutch spelling conventions, though the difficult way of representing some sounds specific to Tameï led to different proposals being considered. Finally, in 1943, the current Cyrillic orthography was introduced, requested by the government as a sign of political alignment with the Soviet Union; the orthography itself was heavily influenced by the Cyrillic alphabet for Kazakh that at the time had just been introduced. In contemporary Tameï, some words (mostly Russian proper names) keep the original spelling but pronounced as a Tameï word, like the city of ''Сталинахаль''<ref>Tameï for "Stalin City".</ref>, is {{IPA|[ˌtаlinаˈxаj]}}. | ||
Tameï is a mostly agglutinating language, with complex inflected verbs but | Tameï is a mostly agglutinating language, with complex inflected verbs and a system of noun classes not unlike (but smaller than) the one typical of Bantu languages. On the phonetic side, it is notable for being, together with [[w:Damin|Damin]], one of only two non-African languages using [[w:Click consonant|click consonants]]. | ||
(TBC) | (TBC) | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
| Line 70: | Line 71: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 7 | ! 7 | ||
| -ӆъашыӝұнь<br/>{{IPA|[ǁaˈʃɤd͡ɮuɲ]}} || (-зеуын)<br/>{{IPA|[ | | -ӆъашыӝұнь<br/>{{IPA|[ǁaˈʃɤd͡ɮuɲ]}} || (-зеуын)<br/>{{IPA|[ˈd͡zjewɤn]}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 8 | ! 8 | ||
Latest revision as of 08:53, 21 May 2020
 | This article is a construction site. This project is currently undergoing significant construction and/or revamp. By all means, take a look around, thank you. |
| Tameï | |
|---|---|
| тұмоубэ тұТамеи | |
 | |
| Pronunciation | [[tuˈmou̯ɓɛ tutameˈi]] |
| Created by | Lili21 |
| Date | Dec 2017 |
| Setting | alt-Earth |
| Ethnicity | Tameï |
| Native speakers | 42,000,000 (2017) |
Isolate
| |
| Official status | |
| Regulated by | Central National Committee of the Tameïan Language (ұкомитеты ұгұлауны ұланньэшыши тұмоубэйыр тұТамеи - КГЛМТ) |
Tameï (тұТамеи [tutameˈi] or тұмоубэ тұТамеи [tuˈmou̯ɓɛ tutameˈi]) is a language isolate spoken in the Tameï Islands (хямша баТамеи [ˈxjamɕa batameˈi]), an independent volcanic archipelago country in the Indian Ocean, along the Ninety East Ridge, one of the most remote sovereign countries on Earth, as the closest land, about 820 km ENE, is the Australian territory of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and the closest integral territory of a sovereign country are the Mentawai Islands off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, about 1660 km to the northeast.
Tameï is Earth's second most spoken language isolate (after Korean), being the native tongue of about 42 million people, mostly in the Tameï Islands but also in countries of the former USSR. Tameï is one of two official languages in the country - the Tameïan People's Socialist Republic (officially ұРесыпұбылихы ұСоциалиссичүки Ланньыр баТамеи and Социалистическая Республика Тамеиского Народа) as Russian is still official for historical and cultural reasons, despite actual Russian native speakers being only 1% of the Tameï population.
Despite fairly regular contacts with the peoples of Indonesia through centuries, the first major external influence in the Tameï Islands came with the first Western contact in 1594 through a Dutch expedition by Johannes De Boer on the ship De Schildpad. Established in 1613 as a Dutch colony, the Tameï islands remained under Dutch rule until 1827, when they were conquered by the British. They remained a British colony until the Communist Revolution of 1934 which saw the Tameï Islands, extremely rich in raw materials, become an important partner of the USSR (so much it was informally sometimes known as "the 16th Republic"); after the latter's dissolution, the country remained mostly isolated in the international community, which resulted in multi-party elections being allowed in 1999. Self-defined Tameï people (even if heavily intermixed with other groups) are the majority, forming 57% of the population; there are also substantial Pashtun (21%) and Punjabi (13%) components. Religiously, there is no absolute majority; the largest religion is Sufi Islam, followed by 30% of the population, with atheism or irreligiousness (28%) and more or less syncretic modern forms of Tameï shamanism (24%) also being relevant percentages.
This history, and the varied ethnic composition of the Tameï state (which saw a large influx of West and South Asians during the British period, as well as European communists during the 20th century), are reflected in its language, which has up to 20% of its lexicon of foreign origin, with early loans from Dutch (borrowed early enough to have underwent Tameï vowel shifts), then from English, Persian, Pashto (the latter two especially in more colloquial registers), and more recently from Russian and Japanese (the latter because of heavy Japanese cultural influence since the end of the Communist era). Tameï's orthography was only created after the Revolution of 1934. The first orthography was based on Dutch spelling conventions, though the difficult way of representing some sounds specific to Tameï led to different proposals being considered. Finally, in 1943, the current Cyrillic orthography was introduced, requested by the government as a sign of political alignment with the Soviet Union; the orthography itself was heavily influenced by the Cyrillic alphabet for Kazakh that at the time had just been introduced. In contemporary Tameï, some words (mostly Russian proper names) keep the original spelling but pronounced as a Tameï word, like the city of Сталинахаль[1], is [ˌtаlinаˈxаj].
Tameï is a mostly agglutinating language, with complex inflected verbs and a system of noun classes not unlike (but smaller than) the one typical of Bantu languages. On the phonetic side, it is notable for being, together with Damin, one of only two non-African languages using click consonants.
(TBC)
Morphology
Numerals
Most of the contemporary Tameï counting system is made of Dutch borrowings. Native words exist for the numerals from one to four, plus words for "hand" and "pair of hands" used for 5 and 10 respectively; native compound numbers exist for 6-9.
1-10 is generally counted with native numerals; the Dutch borrowings from 1 to 10 are used in all other contexts, except in in units from 1 to 10 in every hundred and thousand. 11-20 is usually counted with Dutch borrowings, but native numerals aren't uncommon too.
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The forms with -эн- or -эм- are used when building units in tens, e.g. дапэйпыты "fifty (class 5)", даэн эмпэйпыты "fifty-one (class 5).
Syntax
Verb phrase
Tameï verbs are inflected through various prefixes and suffixes showing subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, causativity, applicatives, tense, and evidentiality. The minimum verb complex is made of a subject prefix, the root, and an evidential suffix.
- Ихұчи бүссе.
[iˈxutɕi ˈbyssje]
и-хұч-и ∅-бүссе
C1.SG-run-VIS. C1.SG-woman.
The woman runs. - Итуанашэ тұӵынрӏэ бүссе.
[itwaˈnaʃɛ tuˈt͡ɬɤǃ̃͡qχe ˈbyssje]
и-туа-нашэ-и тұ-ӵынрӏэ ∅-бүссе
C1.SG-C2.SG.OBJ-see-VIS. C1.SG-boy. C1.SG-woman.
The woman sees the boy. - Ицэйнашэхей цоӵынрӏэ бүссе.
[itsɛi̯ˈnaʃɛxei̯ tsoˈt͡ɬɤǃ̃͡qχe ˈbyssje]
и-цей-нашэ-хе-и цо-ӵынрӏэ ∅-бүссе
C1.SG-C2.PL.OBJ-see--CLOSE_PAST-VIS. C1.PL-boy. C1.SG-woman.
The woman saw the boys. - Бахұчыуа ымбүссе.
[baxuˈtɕɤwa ɤmˈbyssje]
ба-хұч-ыуа ыб-бүссе
C1.PL-run--NVIS. C1.PL-woman.
The women run (I hear them). - Базэчашньимпъыр зэхатъи зэӵаньэ ҥуэйхыхиш ҥуэтүръыҥы ымбүссе башимае.
[ɓadzetɕaʃˈɲiʘ̃ɤɹ dzeˈxaǀi dzeˈtɬaɲɛ ŋʷei̯ˈxɤxiʃ ŋʷetyˈǃɤŋɤ ɤmˈbyssje baʃiˈmaje]
ба-зэ-ча-ш-ньи-мпъы-р зэ-хатъи зэ-ӵаньэ ҥуэ-йхыхиш ҥуэ-тү-иръыҥы ым-бүссе ба-шимае
C1.PL-C4.PL.OBJ-C5.DAT-CAUS-eat--REMOTE_PAST-RENARR. C4.PL-banana. C4.PL-red. C5.PL-baby. C5.PL-with-hunger. C1.PL-woman. C1.PL-short_haired.
The short-haired women gave the red bananas to the hungry babies to eat.
Internal and external locatives (classes 6 and 7) are treated as objects. If they are not stative, they are however only marked as class 6/7 object in the verb, while the noun keeps its class marking but with a preposition.
- Бажыхэнньыуа хоу ұдэнэй иӆұуи ҥа иӆұуитъиҥи илэшэ.
[ɓadʒɤxɛɲˈɲɤwa xou̯ uˈɗɛnɛi̯ iˈɬuwi ŋa iɬuwiˈǀiŋi iˈlɛʃɛ]
ба-жы-хэннь-ыуа хоу ұ-дэнэй и-ӆұуи ҥа и-ӆұуитъиҥи и-лэшэ
C1.PL-C6.OBJ--walk--NVIS. to. C3.SG-park. C1.SG-girl. and. C1.SG-girlfriend. C1.SG-3SG.GEN.
The girl and her girlfriend walk to the park. - Ижыӏэни ирӏыль ӆыхалыдиль.
[idʒɤˈɁɛni iˈǃ͡qχɤi̯ ɬɤxalɤˈdii̯]
и-жы-ӏэн-и и-рӏыль ӆы-халыдиль
C1.SG-C6.OBJ--be_located--VIS. C1.SG-fish. C6.SG-fridge.
The fish is in the fridge. - Меҥльашичъхұм хеоуто.
[mjeŋjaˈʃiǂxum xeˈou̯to]
меҥ-льа-шичъ-хұм хе-оуто
1SG.SUBJ-C7.OBJ--wait--FUT. C7.SG-car.
I'll wait outside the car.
Notes
- ^ Tameï for "Stalin City".