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==yašur ḇa aškilun== | ==yašur ḇa aškilun== | ||
IPA: /ˈjaˌʃur p’ˈaʔʃkʰəˌlun/ | |||
===Phonology=== | ===Phonology=== | ||
Has three distinctive vowels: '''i''' /i/, '''u''' /u/,'''a''' /a/, which all reduce to ə in a 'weak' position. | |||
Three consonant series: unaspirated '''b''' /p/, '''d''' /t/, '''g''' /k/, aspirated '''p''' /p/, '''t''' /t/, '''k''' /k/, ejective '''ḇ''' /p’/, '''ḏ''' /t’/, '''ḡ''' /k’/ | |||
'u | |||
Three | |||
/ | |||
==Proto-Celtic per Hispaniam== | ==Proto-Celtic per Hispaniam== | ||
Revision as of 07:59, 1 March 2014
yašur ḇa aškilun
IPA: /ˈjaˌʃur p’ˈaʔʃkʰəˌlun/
Phonology
Has three distinctive vowels: i /i/, u /u/,a /a/, which all reduce to ə in a 'weak' position.
Three consonant series: unaspirated b /p/, d /t/, g /k/, aspirated p /p/, t /t/, k /k/, ejective ḇ /p’/, ḏ /t’/, ḡ /k’/
Proto-Celtic per Hispaniam
- Monophthongisation (~Late Latin)
- *oi̯, ,*ou̯, *ei̯ > ū, ū, ī
- ūnos < *oinos, tūtā < *toutā, sūlīs < *sūleis
- *oi̯, ,*ou̯, *ei̯ > ū, ū, ī
- Loss of final *m
- *m > 0 / _#
- ɸatera < *ɸateram
- *m > 0 / _#
- Simplifcation of /ns/ to /s/
- *ns > s
- asis < *ansis
- *ns > s
- Loss of *g between vowels
- *g > 0 / V_V
- rīam < *rīgam
- *g > 0 / V_V
- Short vowels change in quality
- a, *e, *i, *o, *u > a, ɛ, e, ɔ, o
- Long vowels shorten
- ā, *ē, *ī, *ō, *ū > a, e, i, o, u
- End result: 7-vowel inventory
- a ɛ e ɔ o i u
- Monopththongisation (Romance)
- *oi̯ , *au̯, *ai̯ > e, ɔ, ɛ~e
- makʷe < *makʷoi, tɔsɔ < *tausom, kɛkɔ < *kaikom
- *oi̯ , *au̯, *ai̯ > e, ɔ, ɛ~e
- Word-initial anaptyxis for /s/ + consonant
- *s > es / #_C
- estrɛna < *strīnām
- *s > es / #_C
- Voicing of plosives between vowels
- *p, *t, *k > b, d, g / V_V
- kɛgɔ < *kaikom
- *p, *t, *k > b, d, g / V_V
- Syncope of unstressed syllables near *r and *l
-
- sulbɔs < *sūlibos, ɸadra < *ɸateram
-
- Debuccalisation of *ɸ
- *ɸ > h / #_ && V_V
- hadra < *ɸateram, nɛhuts < *neɸūts
- *ɸ > h / #_ && V_V
- Only allow *a, *e, *o as word-final (Proto-Western-Romance?)
- Syncretism: Replacement of hadrɛbɔs by hadrɛbes in the dat. pl.
r-stem example
| hader, hadrɔs (father) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | Singular | Plural | ||
| Nominative | hader | hadras | ||
| Genitive | hadrɔs | hadrɔ | ||
| Accusative | hadra | hadras | ||
| Dative | hadre | hadrɛbes | ||
| Ablative | hadre | hadrɛbes | ||
| Instrumental | hadre | hadrɛbes | ||
| Locative | hadre | hadrɛbes | ||
NB. ”There also seems to be a marked tendency to confuse different forms even when they have not become homophonous (like in the generally more distinct plurals), which indicates the nominal deflexion was not only caused by phonetic mergers, but also by structural factors.[22] As a result of the untenability of the noun case system after these phonetic changes, vulgar Latin moved from being a markedly synthetic language to a more analytic language.” — Vulgar Latin
> hader, hadra | hadras, hadras