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=== Possession ===
=== Possession ===
To express possessive phrases, Minhast uses the ligature particle ''min'' to link possessors with their dependent arguments, the possessum.  Additionally, portmanteau pronominal affixes, identical in form to the verbal pronominal affixes, cliticize to the possessum.  The Ergative clitic ''=de'', or more often its allomorphs ''=te'' or ''=t'', is the final element that binds to the NP, as depicted in the following diagram:
To express possessive phrases, Minhast uses the ligature particle ''min'' to link possessors with their dependent arguments, the possessum.  Additionally, portmanteau pronominal affixes, identical in form to the verbal pronominal affixes, cliticize to the possessum.  The Ergative clitic ''=de'', or more often its allomorphs ''=te'' or ''=t'', is the final element that binds to the NP, as depicted in the following template:
 


<center>[possessor]  ''min''  [possessum + ergative portmenteau pronominal affix] = ERG</center>
<center>[possessor]  ''min''  [possessum + ergative portmenteau pronominal affix] = ERG</center>


The phrase ''tazer min erakmasside'', literally "a/the bird - its feathers", can be analyzed thus:
The phrase ''tazer min erakmasside'', literally "a/the bird - its feathers", can be analyzed thus:


{{Gloss
|phrase = Tazer min erakmasside
| IPA = /'tazer mɪn ɛrakmasside/
| morphemes = tazer min erak-mass=de
| gloss = bird CONN feather-3S.NEUT.INAN.ACC+3S.NEUT.ANIM.NOM=ERG
| translation = The bird's feathers
}}


<center>''tazer min erak-mass=de'' >> bird CONN feather-3P.INANIM.ABS+3P.ANIM.ERG=ERG</center>
The portmanteau pronoun, ''-mass-'', simultaneously refers to the possessor head noun ''tazer'' "bird", marking it as singular and animate, and the possessum ''erak'' "feather" as plural and inanimate. Additional case clitics may attach to the ergative clitic to specify the word's grammatical role, e.g. ''tazer min erak-mass=de=kī'' (on the bird's feathers).


The portmanteau affixes are also used in expressing direct pronominal possession:


The portmanteau pronoun, ''-mass-'', simultaneously refers to the possessor head noun ''tazer'' (bird), marking it as singular and animate, and the possessum ''erak'' (feather) as plural and inanimate. Any case clitics used to specify the word's grammatical role are appended at the end of the NP, e.g. ''tazer min erak-mass=de=kī'' (on the bird's feathers).
{{Gloss
|phrase = iššūtirekte
| IPA = /ɪʃ:u:tɪ'rɛktɛ/
| morphemes = iššū-tirek=de
| gloss = head-3S.NEUT.INAN.ACC+1S.NOM=ERG
| translation = My head
}}


The portmanteau affixes are also used in expressing direct pronominal possession, e.g. ''iššūtirekte >> iššū-tirek=de'' >> head-3S.INANIM.ABS+1S.ERG ("my head"), or ''sayyeltent >> sayyet-len=de'' >> sister-3FS.ABS+3MS.ERG=ERG ("his sister").
{{Gloss
|phrase = sayyeltent
| IPA = /saj:ɛl'ɛnt/
| morphemes = sayyet-len=de
| gloss = sister-3FS.ACC+3MS.NOM=ERG
| translation = His sister
}}


Possession may additionally be marked for distributed ownership, in which case the verbal Distributive affix ''-tar-'' is added to the NP, e.g. ''kamaktarskemt >> kamak-tar-skem=de'' "their swords, one sword per person", versus shared ownership, where the verbal Reciprocal affix ''-sart-'' is added, e.g. ''balassattirhakt >> balam-sart-tirhak-de'' "our [inclusive] land (that you, I, and others share).
Possession may additionally be marked for distributed ownership, in which case the verbal Distributive affix ''-tar-'' is added to the NP, e.g. ''kamaktarskemt >> kamak-tar-skem=de'' "their swords, one sword per person", versus shared ownership, where the verbal Reciprocal affix ''-sart-'' is added, e.g. ''balassattirhakt >> balam-sart-tirhak-de'' "our [inclusive] land (that you, I, and others share).
Possession may additionally be marked for distributed, distinct ownership, in which case the verbal Distributive affix ''-tar-'' is added to the NP:
{{Gloss
|phrase = kamaktariskemt
| IPA = /kamaktarɪs'kɛmt/
| morphemes = kamak-tar-skem=de
| gloss = sword-DISTR-3S.NEUT.INAN.ACC+3P.NOM=ERG
| translation = their swords, one sword per person
}}
In contrast, shared ownership is indicated with the verbal Reciprocal affix ''-sart-'':
{{Gloss
|phrase = balassattirħakt
| IPA = /balas:at:ɪrħakt/
| morphemes = balam-sart-tirħak=de
| gloss = land-RECIP-3S.NEUT.INAN.ACC+1P.INCL.NOM=ERG
| translation = our and your lands that you, I and others share
}}


In cases where a possessum occurs among two 3rd person NPs with the same gender, number, and animacy, the reflexive affix ''-šar-'' can be used to disambiguate which NP is the possessor. Hence, the sentence "Xaniš and Yuttam dropped their pencils. Xaniš reached down and retrieve his own pencil" would be rendered as ''Xaniš sut Yuttam irriyetaran rassibaru. Xaniš irriyet-šar-tirenn=aran'', as opposed to ''Xaniš irriyet-0-tirenn=aran'' would imply that Xaniš reached for Yuttam's pencil.
In cases where a possessum occurs among two 3rd person NPs with the same gender, number, and animacy, the reflexive affix ''-šar-'' can be used to disambiguate which NP is the possessor. Hence, the sentence "Xaniš and Yuttam dropped their pencils. Xaniš reached down and retrieve his own pencil" would be rendered as ''Xaniš sut Yuttam irriyetaran rassibaru. Xaniš irriyet-šar-tirenn=aran'', as opposed to ''Xaniš irriyet-0-tirenn=aran'' would imply that Xaniš reached for Yuttam's pencil.


As expected, possessive NPs can mark tense and aspect, e.g. ''kassartiskennesapište'' >>''kar-sart-skem-nes-ab=š=de'' "the car which they will be owning together", or ''kariskemart >> kar-skem-ar=de'' "their former car". Tense and aspect markers come '''before''' the Ergative marker ''=de''.
As expected, possessive NPs can mark tense and aspect. Tense and aspect markers come '''before''' the Ergative marker ''=de''.
 
{{Gloss
|phrase = asunkasakšariskennessište
| IPA = /asunkas:asakʃarɪskɛn:ɛs:a's:ɪ'ʃtɛ/
| morphemes = asum-kar-sakšar-skem-ness=š=de
| gloss = HAB-car-RFLX.BEN-3S.NEUT.INAN.NOM-FUT=IRR=ERG
| translation = the car which they will be owning together
}}
 
{{Gloss
|phrase = asunkassakšariskemarte
| IPA = /asunkassakʃarɪskɛmartɛ/
| morphemes = asum-kar-sakšar-skem-ar=de
| gloss = HAB-car-RFLX.BEN-3S.NEUT.INAN.NOM-PST=ERG
| translation = their former car, the car that had once been theirs
}}


In the case of nouns derived from nominalized VPs, the situation becomes even more complex. In particular, nominalized transitive verbs, which are able to encode agent-patient relationships, can secondarily express possessive relationships. An example would be ''astekkenarunaft'', literally "they that begat me", a formal term for "my father". Here, the portmanteau affix ''-ekken-'' denoting the 3P.ERG and the 1S.ABS, paraphrases the possessive relationship using verbal syntax to describe agent-patient relations.
In the case of nouns derived from nominalized VPs, the situation becomes even more complex. In particular, nominalized transitive verbs, which are able to encode agent-patient relationships, can secondarily express possessive relationships. An example would be ''astekkenarunaft'', literally "they that begat me", a formal term for "my father". Here, the portmanteau affix ''-ekken-'' denoting the 3P.ERG and the 1S.ABS, paraphrases the possessive relationship using verbal syntax to describe agent-patient relations.
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