User:Chrysophylax/amaits/history

Sound changes from Proto-Indo-European

Late IE

1. colouring of vowels

   *e → *a / _[*k *h2], [*h2]_

   *e → *o / _[*h3], [*h3]_

2. lengthening and deletion of laryngeals

   VHC → V:C

3. merger of laryngeals into one except for H3 in some environments??

   *h1 *h2 *h3 → H

   *h3 → *gʷ / C_C

   *h3 → *ɦ?? / _V

4. loss of intervocalic jod, leads to crasis

   *j → Ø / V_V

5. vocalisation of syllabic resonants

   *R → *ɨR

6. tt > ss

   *tt → *ss / V_V

7. dative, instrumental plural replace -bʰ- with -m- (shared NE isogloss)
8. *-bʰí > *-mí, -bʰos > -mos

Dialectal IE

1. assimilation of m to s

   m -> n / _s

   e.g. mēnsaH < *mēms-eh2

2. assibilation of t before i

   *t > *t͡s / _i

3. merger of present 2sg, 3sg into -si

   *Hest͡si 'he is' → *Hessi 'thou, he is'

early amessian

1. fortition of onset j

   *j → ʒ / #_V

2. partial satemization with plain velars fronting causing chain shift of palatovelars to (af)fricates

   *k *g *gʰ → *k̟ *g̟ *g̟ʰ

   *ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ → *t͡ʃ *d͡ʒ *ʑ

3. innovated 3sg pres. ending in -s-ke-i (<? *-t-g(ʰ)i-ḱe-i) (?≃?'3sg-indeed-he-now')

   *bʰeret͡si replaced by *bʰereskei, however, the copula remains *Hessi for 3sg.pres

4. regressive velarization of sonorants

   *m *n *l *r → *mˠ *nˠ *lˠ *rˠ / _{u w}

   e.g. *glˠubʰós (< *glewbʰ- + -ós), occurs in zero-grades commonly but also *nu → *nˠu

5. laryngeals resolve to chroneme, glottal elements or *a before R, C

   CeH → Ce:

   HeC → eˀC-

   ɦeC → e̤C

   CHR → *ar

   CHC → CaC

6. shared crazy with balto-slavic: initial e vacillates between e~a

   *e → *a / #_ (sporadic)

7. thinning of clusters

   VC → Vː / #_{affricate}

8. develarization of *gʷ

   *gʷ → *b / _e

9. accented, stodded o breaks

   *óˀ → *uɘ̯i̯

   e.g. *óˀskɨr → *uɘ̯i̯skɨr (< *Hóh₃s-k-r̥ 'ash tree (material)')

10. accented, stodded e breaks

    *éˀ → *ei̯

11. second palatalisation: fronted velars before front vowels

    *k̟ *g̟ *g̟ʰ → *c *ɟ *ʝ / _[+front]

12. delabialization of labiovelars

    *kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ' → *k *g *gʰ / _{+round +sonorant} nb. next syllable counts

13. merger of *ʝ and *ɟ

    *ɟ → *ʝ

14. lowering of *ew, *ey in non-accented syllables

    *ew → *aw, *ey → *ay

15. rounding of front after labiovelar

    *i → *ʉ / [+velar +labial]_

16. loss of word-final -d, -t

    *d *t → Ø / _#

some time later

1. delabialization of u after velars or velarized consonants

   *u → *ɨ / [+velarized]_

   e.g. *nˠu → *nˠɨ

2. smoothing of diphthongs

   *oy → *ō₂

   *eyː → i:

3. weakening of affricates, deaffrication before resonants

   *t͡ʃ *d͡ʒ→ *ʃ *ʒ / _{l r m n}

4. labiovelars merge with w

   *gʷ → w / _w

5. glottalized syllables gain the 'broken' rising-falling accentuation
6. an opposition between rising, rising-falling, falling, low appears as accent system reorganizes

   neutral → falling

   accented → rising

   accented + stød → rising-falling

   breathy voice → low

7. ō₂ (but not ō₁ )merges with long a

   *ō₂ → *a:

8. accent retraction from final to mid syllables
9. creation of new neuter class by suffixation of existing s-neuters with -mɨn. all traces of s-neuters absorbed.

   má:kos (N). → máːkosmɨn (N.)

even later

1. aː → ai̯ / _[+palatal]
2. t͡ʃ → t͡s

examples

Amess. /ḭ᷈ːt͡sir/ и̃цьр 'path, trail' ← *ḭ᷈ːt͡ʃɨr ← *ḛ᷈iːt͡ʃɨr ← *ḛ᷈i̯jt͡ʃɨr ← *éˀyt͡ʃɨr ← *Héyt͡ʃɨr ← *Héytɨr ← PIE. *h₁éy-tr̥ 'way, road'