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 == Late IE ==
 # colouring of vowels
-#: ''*e > *a / C_[k h2]''
+#: ''*e → *a / _[*k *h2], [*h2]_'' ('''we follow the idea that the 'plain' velars were marked +uvulars or something of the like, so we take *k to be lowering of *e, a first in IE conlangs?''')
-# merger of laryngeals into one
+#: ''*e → *o / _[*h3], [*h3]_''
-#: ''*h1 *h2 *h3'' → ''H''
+# lengthening and deletion of laryngeals
-# loss of intervocalic jod
+#: VHC → V:C
+# merger of laryngeals into one except for H3 in some environments??
+#: ''*h1 *h2 *h3'' → ''H''
+#: ''*h3 → *gʷ / C_C''
+#: ''*h3 → *ɦ?? / _V''
+# loss of intervocalic jod, leads to crasis
 #: ''*j → Ø / V_V''
 # vocalisation of syllabic resonants
 #: ''*R → *ɨR''
+# tt > ss
+#: *tt → *ss / V_V
+# dative, instrumental plural replace -bʰ- with -m- (shared NE isogloss)
+# *-bʰí > *-mí, -bʰos > -mos
+== Dialectal IE ==
+# assimilation of m to s
+#: m -> n / _s
+#:: e.g. mēnsaH < *mēms-eh2
+# assibilation of t before i
+#: ''*t > *t͡s / _i''
+# merger of present 2sg, 3sg into -si
+#: ''*Hest͡si 'he is' → *Hessi'' 'thou, he is'
 == early amessian ==
 # fortition of onset j
 #: ''*j → ʒ / #_V''
 # partial satemization with plain velars fronting causing chain shift of palatovelars to (af)fricates
-#: ''*k *g *gʰ > *k *g *gʰ +{fronted} ''
+#: ''*k *g *gʰ → *k̟ *g̟ *g̟ʰ''
-#: ''*ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ > *t͡ʃ *d͡ʒ *ʑ''
+#: ''*ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ → *t͡ʃ *d͡ʒ *ʑ''
-# assibilation of t before i
+# innovated 3sg pres. ending in -s-ke-i (<? *-t-g(ʰ)i-ḱe-i) (?≃?'3sg-indeed-he-now')
-#: ''*t > *t͡s / _i''
+#: ''*bʰeret͡si replaced by *bʰereskei'', '''however''', the copula remains ''*Hessi'' for {{sc|3sg.pres}}
 # regressive velarization of sonorants
-#: ''*m *n *l *r > *mˠ *nˠ *lˠ *rˠ / _{u w}''
+#: ''*m *n *l *r → *mˠ *nˠ *lˠ *rˠ / _{u w}''
 #:: e.g. *glˠubʰós (< *glewbʰ- + -ós), occurs in zero-grades commonly but also *nu → *nˠu
-# delabialization of labiovelars
+# laryngeals resolve to chroneme, glottal elements or *a before R, C
-#: ''*kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ' > *k *g *gʰ / _{+back +sonorant} '' '''nb. next syllable counts'''
+#: ''CeH → Ce:''
-# deletion of H replaced by lengthening or creaky tone?/stød-ish
+#: ''HeC → eˀC-''
-#: ''CeH- > Ce:-''
+#: ''ɦeC → e̤C''
-#: ''HeC- > eˀC-''
+#: ''CHR'' → *ar''
+#: ''CHC'' → CaC''
 # shared crazy with balto-slavic: initial e vacillates between e~a
-#: ''*e > *a / #_'' '''(sporadic)'''
+#: ''*e → *a / #_'' '''(sporadic)'''
 # thinning of clusters
 #: ''VC → Vː / #_{affricate}''
+# develarization of *gʷ
+#: ''*gʷ → *b'' / _e
 # accented, stodded o breaks
 #: *óˀ → *uɘ̯i̯
 #:: e.g. *óˀskɨr → *uɘ̯i̯skɨr (< *Hóh₃s-k-r̥ 'ash tree (material)')
+# accented, stodded e breaks
+#: *éˀ → *ei̯
+# second palatalisation: fronted velars before front vowels
+#: ''*k̟ *g̟ *g̟ʰ → *c *ɟ *ʝ / _[+front]
+# delabialization of labiovelars
+#: ''*kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ' → *k *g *gʰ / _{+round +sonorant} '' '''nb. next syllable counts'''
+# merger of *ʝ and *ɟ
+#: *ɟ → *ʝ
+# lowering of *ew, *ey in non-accented syllables
+#: ''*ew → *aw, *ey → *ay''
+# rounding of front after labiovelar
+#: *i → *ʉ / [+velar +labial]_
+# loss of word-final -d, -t
+#: ''*d *t'' → Ø / _#
+== some time later ==
+#delabialization of u after velars or velarized consonants
+#: ''*u'' → *ɨ / [+velarized]_
+#:: e.g. *nˠu → *nˠɨ
+# smoothing of diphthongs
+#: *oy → *ō<sub>2</sub>
+#: *eyː → i:
+# weakening of affricates, deaffrication before resonants
+#: ''*t͡ʃ *d͡ʒ→ *ʃ *ʒ'' / _{l r m n}
+# labiovelars merge with w
+#: ''*gʷ → w / _w''
+# glottalized syllables gain the 'broken' rising-falling accentuation
+# an opposition between rising, rising-falling, falling, low appears as accent system reorganizes
+#: neutral → falling
+#: accented → rising
+#: accented + stød → rising-falling
+#: breathy voice → low
+# ō<sub>2</sub> (but not ō<sub>1</sub> )merges with long a
+#: ''*ō<sub>2</sub> → *a:''
+# accent retraction from final to mid syllables
+# creation of new neuter class by suffixation of existing s-neuters with -mɨn. all traces of s-neuters absorbed.
+#: má:kos (N). → máːkosmɨn (N.)
+== even later ==
+# aː → ai̯ / _[+palatal]
+# t͡ʃ → t͡s
+== examples ==
+Amess. {{IPA|/ḭ᷈ːt͡sir/}} '''и̃цьр''' 'path, trail' ← *{{IPA|ḭ᷈ːt͡ʃɨr}} ← *{{IPA|ḛ᷈iːt͡ʃɨr}} ← *{{IPA|ḛ᷈i̯jt͡ʃɨr}} ← *{{IPA|éˀyt͡ʃɨr}} ← *{{IPA|Héyt͡ʃɨr}}  ← *{{IPA|Héytɨr}} ← PIE. *{{IPA|h₁éy-tr̥}} 'way, road'
 = Morphosyntactic changes =
 == Loss of nominal inflections ==
 == Derivational innovations ==