User:Chrysophylax/amaits/history: Difference between revisions

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== Late IE ==
== Late IE ==
# colouring of vowels  
# colouring of vowels  
#: ''*e → *a / C_[*k *h2]''
#: ''*e → *a / _[*k *h2], [*h2]_'' ('''we follow the idea that the 'plain' velars were marked +uvulars or something of the like, so we take *k to be lowering of *e, a first in IE conlangs?''')
#: ''*e → *o / C_[*h3]''
#: ''*e → *o / _[*h3], [*h3]_''
# lengthening and deletion of laryngeals
#: VHC → V:C
# merger of laryngeals into one except for H3 in some environments??
# merger of laryngeals into one except for H3 in some environments??
#: ''*h1 *h2 *h3'' → ''H''  
#: ''*h1 *h2 *h3'' → ''H''  
#: ''*h3 → *gʷ / C_C''
#: ''*h3 → *gʷ / C_C''
#: ''*h3 → *ɦ?? / _V''
#: ''*h3 → *ɦ?? / _V''
# loss of intervocalic jod
# loss of intervocalic jod, leads to crasis
#: ''*j → Ø / V_V''
#: ''*j → Ø / V_V''
# vocalisation of syllabic resonants
# vocalisation of syllabic resonants
#: ''*R → *ɨR''
#: ''*R → *ɨR''
# tt > ss
#: *tt → *ss / V_V
# dative, instrumental plural replace -bʰ- with -m- (shared NE isogloss)
# *-bʰí > *-mí, -bʰos > -mos


== Dialectal IE ==
# assimilation of m to s
#: m -> n / _s
#:: e.g. mēnsaH < *mēms-eh2
# assibilation of t before i
#: ''*t > *t͡s / _i''
# merger of present 2sg, 3sg into -si
#: ''*Hest͡si 'he is' → *Hessi'' 'thou, he is'
== early amessian ==
== early amessian ==
# fortition of onset j  
# fortition of onset j  
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#: ''*k *g *gʰ → *k̟ *g̟ *g̟ʰ''  
#: ''*k *g *gʰ → *k̟ *g̟ *g̟ʰ''  
#: ''*ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ → *t͡ʃ *d͡ʒ *ʑ''
#: ''*ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ → *t͡ʃ *d͡ʒ *ʑ''
# assibilation of t before i
# innovated 3sg pres. ending in -s-ke-i (<? *-t-g(ʰ)i-ḱe-i) (?≃?'3sg-indeed-he-now')
#: ''*t > *t͡s / _i''
#: ''*bʰeret͡si replaced by *bʰereskei'', '''however''', the copula remains ''*Hessi'' for {{sc|3sg.pres}}
# regressive velarization of sonorants  
# regressive velarization of sonorants  
#: ''*m *n *l *r → *mˠ *nˠ *lˠ *rˠ / _{u w}''  
#: ''*m *n *l *r → *mˠ *nˠ *lˠ *rˠ / _{u w}''  
#:: e.g. *glˠubʰós (< *glewbʰ- + -ós), occurs in zero-grades commonly but also *nu → *nˠu
#:: e.g. *glˠubʰós (< *glewbʰ- + -ós), occurs in zero-grades commonly but also *nu → *nˠu
# delabialization of labiovelars
# laryngeals resolve to chroneme, glottal elements or *a before R, C
#: ''*kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ' → *k *g *gʰ / _{+back +sonorant} '' '''nb. next syllable counts'''
# laryngeals resolve to chroneme or glottal elements
#: ''CeH → Ce:''
#: ''CeH → Ce:''
#: ''HeC → eˀC-''
#: ''HeC → eˀC-''
#: ''ɦeC → e̤C''
#: ''ɦeC → e̤C''
#: ''CHR'' → *ar''
#: ''CHC'' → CaC''
# shared crazy with balto-slavic: initial e vacillates between e~a
# shared crazy with balto-slavic: initial e vacillates between e~a
#: ''*e → *a / #_'' '''(sporadic)'''
#: ''*e → *a / #_'' '''(sporadic)'''
# thinning of clusters
# thinning of clusters
#: ''VC → Vː / #_{affricate}''
#: ''VC → Vː / #_{affricate}''
# develarization of *gʷ
#: ''*gʷ → *b'' / _e
# accented, stodded o breaks
# accented, stodded o breaks
#: *óˀ → *uɘ̯i̯
#: *óˀ → *uɘ̯i̯
#:: e.g. *óˀskɨr → *uɘ̯i̯skɨr (< *Hóh₃s-k-r̥ 'ash tree (material)')
#:: e.g. *óˀskɨr → *uɘ̯i̯skɨr (< *Hóh₃s-k-r̥ 'ash tree (material)')
# tt > ss
# accented, stodded e breaks
#: *tt > *ss / V_V
#: *éˀ → *ei̯
# second palatalisation: fronted velars before front vowels
#: ''*k̟ *g̟ *g̟ʰ → *c *ɟ *ʝ / _[+front]
# delabialization of labiovelars
#: ''*kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ' → *k *g *gʰ / _{+round +sonorant} '' '''nb. next syllable counts'''
# merger of *ʝ and *ɟ
#: *ɟ → *ʝ
# lowering of *ew, *ey in non-accented syllables
#: ''*ew → *aw, *ey → *ay''
# rounding of front after labiovelar
#: *i → *ʉ / [+velar +labial]_
# loss of word-final -d, -t
#: ''*d *t'' → Ø / _#


== some time later ==
== some time later ==
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#: ''*u'' → *ɨ / [+velarized]_
#: ''*u'' → *ɨ / [+velarized]_
#:: e.g. *nˠu → *nˠɨ
#:: e.g. *nˠu → *nˠɨ
# smoothing of diphthongs
#: *oy → *ō<sub>2</sub>
#: *eyː → i:
# weakening of affricates, deaffrication before resonants
#: ''*t͡ʃ *d͡ʒ→ *ʃ *ʒ'' / _{l r m n}
# labiovelars merge with w
#: ''*gʷ → w / _w''
# glottalized syllables gain the 'broken' rising-falling accentuation
# an opposition between rising, rising-falling, falling, low appears as accent system reorganizes
#: neutral → falling
#: accented → rising
#: accented + stød → rising-falling
#: breathy voice → low
# ō<sub>2</sub> (but not ō<sub>1</sub> )merges with long a
#: ''*ō<sub>2</sub> → *a:''
# accent retraction from final to mid syllables
# creation of new neuter class by suffixation of existing s-neuters with -mɨn. all traces of s-neuters absorbed.
#: má:kos (N). → máːkosmɨn (N.)
== even later ==
# aː → ai̯ / _[+palatal]
# t͡ʃ → t͡s
== examples ==
Amess. {{IPA|/ḭ᷈ːt͡sir/}} '''и̃цьр''' 'path, trail' ← *{{IPA|ḭ᷈ːt͡ʃɨr}} ← *{{IPA|ḛ᷈iːt͡ʃɨr}} ← *{{IPA|ḛ᷈i̯jt͡ʃɨr}} ← *{{IPA|éˀyt͡ʃɨr}} ← *{{IPA|Héyt͡ʃɨr}}  ← *{{IPA|Héytɨr}} ← PIE. *{{IPA|h₁éy-tr̥}} 'way, road'


= Morphosyntactic changes =
= Morphosyntactic changes =
== Loss of nominal inflections ==
== Loss of nominal inflections ==
== Derivational innovations ==
== Derivational innovations ==

Latest revision as of 00:21, 5 January 2021

Sound changes from Proto-Indo-European

Late IE

  1. colouring of vowels
    *e → *a / _[*k *h2], [*h2]_ (we follow the idea that the 'plain' velars were marked +uvulars or something of the like, so we take *k to be lowering of *e, a first in IE conlangs?)
    *e → *o / _[*h3], [*h3]_
  2. lengthening and deletion of laryngeals
    VHC → V:C
  3. merger of laryngeals into one except for H3 in some environments??
    *h1 *h2 *h3 → H
    *h3 → *gʷ / C_C
    *h3 → *ɦ?? / _V
  4. loss of intervocalic jod, leads to crasis
    *j → Ø / V_V
  5. vocalisation of syllabic resonants
    *R → *ɨR
  6. tt > ss
    *tt → *ss / V_V
  7. dative, instrumental plural replace -bʰ- with -m- (shared NE isogloss)
  8. *-bʰí > *-mí, -bʰos > -mos

Dialectal IE

  1. assimilation of m to s
    m -> n / _s
    e.g. mēnsaH < *mēms-eh2
  2. assibilation of t before i
    *t > *t͡s / _i
  3. merger of present 2sg, 3sg into -si
    *Hest͡si 'he is' → *Hessi 'thou, he is'

early amessian

  1. fortition of onset j
    *j → ʒ / #_V
  2. partial satemization with plain velars fronting causing chain shift of palatovelars to (af)fricates
    *k *g *gʰ → *k̟ *g̟ *g̟ʰ
    *ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ → *t͡ʃ *d͡ʒ *ʑ
  3. innovated 3sg pres. ending in -s-ke-i (<? *-t-g(ʰ)i-ḱe-i) (?≃?'3sg-indeed-he-now')
    *bʰeret͡si replaced by *bʰereskei, however, the copula remains *Hessi for 3sg.pres
  4. regressive velarization of sonorants
    *m *n *l *r → *mˠ *nˠ *lˠ *rˠ / _{u w}
    e.g. *glˠubʰós (< *glewbʰ- + -ós), occurs in zero-grades commonly but also *nu → *nˠu
  5. laryngeals resolve to chroneme, glottal elements or *a before R, C
    CeH → Ce:
    HeC → eˀC-
    ɦeC → e̤C
    CHR → *ar
    CHC → CaC
  6. shared crazy with balto-slavic: initial e vacillates between e~a
    *e → *a / #_ (sporadic)
  7. thinning of clusters
    VC → Vː / #_{affricate}
  8. develarization of *gʷ
    *gʷ → *b / _e
  9. accented, stodded o breaks
    *óˀ → *uɘ̯i̯
    e.g. *óˀskɨr → *uɘ̯i̯skɨr (< *Hóh₃s-k-r̥ 'ash tree (material)')
  10. accented, stodded e breaks
    *éˀ → *ei̯
  11. second palatalisation: fronted velars before front vowels
    *k̟ *g̟ *g̟ʰ → *c *ɟ *ʝ / _[+front]
  12. delabialization of labiovelars
    *kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ' → *k *g *gʰ / _{+round +sonorant} nb. next syllable counts
  13. merger of *ʝ and *ɟ
    *ɟ → *ʝ
  14. lowering of *ew, *ey in non-accented syllables
    *ew → *aw, *ey → *ay
  15. rounding of front after labiovelar
    *i → *ʉ / [+velar +labial]_
  16. loss of word-final -d, -t
    *d *t → Ø / _#

some time later

  1. delabialization of u after velars or velarized consonants
    *u → *ɨ / [+velarized]_
    e.g. *nˠu → *nˠɨ
  2. smoothing of diphthongs
    *oy → *ō2
    *eyː → i:
  3. weakening of affricates, deaffrication before resonants
    *t͡ʃ *d͡ʒ→ *ʃ *ʒ / _{l r m n}
  4. labiovelars merge with w
    *gʷ → w / _w
  5. glottalized syllables gain the 'broken' rising-falling accentuation
  6. an opposition between rising, rising-falling, falling, low appears as accent system reorganizes
    neutral → falling
    accented → rising
    accented + stød → rising-falling
    breathy voice → low
  7. ō2 (but not ō1 )merges with long a
    *ō2 → *a:
  8. accent retraction from final to mid syllables
  9. creation of new neuter class by suffixation of existing s-neuters with -mɨn. all traces of s-neuters absorbed.
    má:kos (N). → máːkosmɨn (N.)

even later

  1. aː → ai̯ / _[+palatal]
  2. t͡ʃ → t͡s


examples

Amess. /ḭ᷈ːt͡sir/ и̃цьр 'path, trail' ← *ḭ᷈ːt͡ʃɨr ← *ḛ᷈iːt͡ʃɨr ← *ḛ᷈i̯jt͡ʃɨr ← *éˀyt͡ʃɨr ← *Héyt͡ʃɨr ← *Héytɨr ← PIE. *h₁éy-tr̥ 'way, road'

Morphosyntactic changes

Loss of nominal inflections

Derivational innovations

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