4,741
edits
User:Chrysophylax/amaits/history: Difference between revisions
User:Chrysophylax/amaits/history (view source)
Revision as of 00:21, 5 January 2021
, 5 January 2021→Late IE
Chrysophylax (talk | contribs) m (→early amessian) |
Chrysophylax (talk | contribs) m (→Late IE) |
||
| (29 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
== Late IE == | == Late IE == | ||
# colouring of vowels | # colouring of vowels | ||
#: ''*e → *a / _[*k *h2], [*h2]_'' | #: ''*e → *a / _[*k *h2], [*h2]_'' ('''we follow the idea that the 'plain' velars were marked +uvulars or something of the like, so we take *k to be lowering of *e, a first in IE conlangs?''') | ||
#: ''*e → *o / _[*h3], [*h3]_'' | #: ''*e → *o / _[*h3], [*h3]_'' | ||
# lengthening and deletion of laryngeals | # lengthening and deletion of laryngeals | ||
| Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
#: ''*h3 → *gʷ / C_C'' | #: ''*h3 → *gʷ / C_C'' | ||
#: ''*h3 → *ɦ?? / _V'' | #: ''*h3 → *ɦ?? / _V'' | ||
# loss of intervocalic jod | # loss of intervocalic jod, leads to crasis | ||
#: ''*j → Ø / V_V'' | #: ''*j → Ø / V_V'' | ||
# vocalisation of syllabic resonants | # vocalisation of syllabic resonants | ||
| Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
# *-bʰí > *-mí, -bʰos > -mos | # *-bʰí > *-mí, -bʰos > -mos | ||
== Dialectal IE == | |||
# assimilation of m to s | |||
#: m -> n / _s | |||
#:: e.g. mēnsaH < *mēms-eh2 | |||
# assibilation of t before i | |||
#: ''*t > *t͡s / _i'' | |||
# merger of present 2sg, 3sg into -si | |||
#: ''*Hest͡si 'he is' → *Hessi'' 'thou, he is' | |||
== early amessian == | == early amessian == | ||
# fortition of onset j | # fortition of onset j | ||
| Line 25: | Line 33: | ||
#: ''*k *g *gʰ → *k̟ *g̟ *g̟ʰ'' | #: ''*k *g *gʰ → *k̟ *g̟ *g̟ʰ'' | ||
#: ''*ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ → *t͡ʃ *d͡ʒ *ʑ'' | #: ''*ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ → *t͡ʃ *d͡ʒ *ʑ'' | ||
# | # innovated 3sg pres. ending in -s-ke-i (<? *-t-g(ʰ)i-ḱe-i) (?≃?'3sg-indeed-he-now') | ||
#: ''* | #: ''*bʰeret͡si replaced by *bʰereskei'', '''however''', the copula remains ''*Hessi'' for {{sc|3sg.pres}} | ||
# regressive velarization of sonorants | # regressive velarization of sonorants | ||
#: ''*m *n *l *r → *mˠ *nˠ *lˠ *rˠ / _{u w}'' | #: ''*m *n *l *r → *mˠ *nˠ *lˠ *rˠ / _{u w}'' | ||
#:: e.g. *glˠubʰós (< *glewbʰ- + -ós), occurs in zero-grades commonly but also *nu → *nˠu | #:: e.g. *glˠubʰós (< *glewbʰ- + -ós), occurs in zero-grades commonly but also *nu → *nˠu | ||
# laryngeals resolve to chroneme, glottal elements or *a before R | # laryngeals resolve to chroneme, glottal elements or *a before R, C | ||
#: ''CeH → Ce:'' | #: ''CeH → Ce:'' | ||
#: ''HeC → eˀC-'' | #: ''HeC → eˀC-'' | ||
#: ''ɦeC → e̤C'' | #: ''ɦeC → e̤C'' | ||
#: '' | #: ''CHR'' → *ar'' | ||
#: ''CHC'' → CaC'' | |||
# shared crazy with balto-slavic: initial e vacillates between e~a | # shared crazy with balto-slavic: initial e vacillates between e~a | ||
#: ''*e → *a / #_'' '''(sporadic)''' | #: ''*e → *a / #_'' '''(sporadic)''' | ||
| Line 44: | Line 53: | ||
#: *óˀ → *uɘ̯i̯ | #: *óˀ → *uɘ̯i̯ | ||
#:: e.g. *óˀskɨr → *uɘ̯i̯skɨr (< *Hóh₃s-k-r̥ 'ash tree (material)') | #:: e.g. *óˀskɨr → *uɘ̯i̯skɨr (< *Hóh₃s-k-r̥ 'ash tree (material)') | ||
# accented, stodded e breaks | |||
#: *éˀ → *ei̯ | |||
# second palatalisation: fronted velars before front vowels | # second palatalisation: fronted velars before front vowels | ||
#: ''*k̟ *g̟ *g̟ʰ → *c *ɟ *ʝ / _[+front] | #: ''*k̟ *g̟ *g̟ʰ → *c *ɟ *ʝ / _[+front] | ||
| Line 50: | Line 61: | ||
# merger of *ʝ and *ɟ | # merger of *ʝ and *ɟ | ||
#: *ɟ → *ʝ | #: *ɟ → *ʝ | ||
# lowering of *ew, *ey in non-accented syllables | |||
#: ''*ew → *aw, *ey → *ay'' | |||
# rounding of front after labiovelar | # rounding of front after labiovelar | ||
#: *i → *ʉ / [+velar +labial]_ | #: *i → *ʉ / [+velar +labial]_ | ||
# loss of word-final -d, -t | |||
#: ''*d *t'' → Ø / _# | |||
== some time later == | == some time later == | ||
| Line 57: | Line 72: | ||
#: ''*u'' → *ɨ / [+velarized]_ | #: ''*u'' → *ɨ / [+velarized]_ | ||
#:: e.g. *nˠu → *nˠɨ | #:: e.g. *nˠu → *nˠɨ | ||
# smoothing of diphthongs | |||
#: *oy → *ō<sub>2</sub> | |||
#: *eyː → i: | |||
# weakening of affricates, deaffrication before resonants | |||
#: ''*t͡ʃ *d͡ʒ→ *ʃ *ʒ'' / _{l r m n} | |||
# labiovelars merge with w | # labiovelars merge with w | ||
#: ''*gʷ → w / _w'' | #: ''*gʷ → w / _w'' | ||
# glottalized syllables gain the 'broken' rising-falling accentuation | |||
# an opposition between rising, rising-falling, falling, low appears as accent system reorganizes | |||
#: neutral → falling | |||
#: accented → rising | |||
#: accented + stød → rising-falling | |||
#: breathy voice → low | |||
# ō<sub>2</sub> (but not ō<sub>1</sub> )merges with long a | |||
#: ''*ō<sub>2</sub> → *a:'' | |||
# accent retraction from final to mid syllables | |||
# creation of new neuter class by suffixation of existing s-neuters with -mɨn. all traces of s-neuters absorbed. | |||
#: má:kos (N). → máːkosmɨn (N.) | |||
== even later == | == even later == | ||
# aː → ai̯ / _[+palatal] | |||
# t͡ʃ → t͡s | |||
== examples == | |||
Amess. {{IPA|/ḭ᷈ːt͡sir/}} '''и̃цьр''' 'path, trail' ← *{{IPA|ḭ᷈ːt͡ʃɨr}} ← *{{IPA|ḛ᷈iːt͡ʃɨr}} ← *{{IPA|ḛ᷈i̯jt͡ʃɨr}} ← *{{IPA|éˀyt͡ʃɨr}} ← *{{IPA|Héyt͡ʃɨr}} ← *{{IPA|Héytɨr}} ← PIE. *{{IPA|h₁éy-tr̥}} 'way, road' | |||
= Morphosyntactic changes = | = Morphosyntactic changes = | ||
== Loss of nominal inflections == | == Loss of nominal inflections == | ||
== Derivational innovations == | == Derivational innovations == | ||