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==Background==
==Background==
'''Arjâm Vâks''' ("speech of the Aryâsas") is an imagined name given to a language constructed by the notable Indo-Europeanist August Schleicher (1821-1868), which is most notable as the original language of the fable ''Avis Akvâsas ka'' ("The Sheep and the Horses").
'''Arjâm Vâks''' ("speech of the Aryâsas") or '''Sanvâks''' ("old speech") is an imagined name given to a language constructed by the notable Indo-Europeanist August Schleicher (1821-1868), which is most notable as the original language of the fable ''Avis Akvâsas ka'' ("The Sheep and the Horses").


Some justification must be made at the outset for including this language in an encyclopedia of constructed languages. It must be admitted that Schleicher had no intention of creating an artificial language; to the contrary, he believed that he was scientifically reconstructing the original Indo-European languages, ancestral to the languages on which his reconstruction was based. These were Sanskrit, Avestan ("Old Bactrian," in Schleicher's terminology), Greek, Latin, Oscan, Umbrian, Old Irish, Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian in Schleicher's terminology), Lithuanian, and Gothic. It will be observed that of the ten Indo-European branches for which records survive, only six are represented (Indo-Iranian, Hellenic, Italic, Celtic, Balto-Slavic, and Germanic). Hittite and Tocharian were entirely unknown to Schleicher. I am not sure why Armenian and Albanian were not considered; perhaps at the time their positions within the Indo-European family, and their distinctive characteristics, were too poorly known.
Some justification must be made at the outset for including this language in an encyclopedia of constructed languages. It must be admitted that Schleicher had no intention of creating an artificial language; to the contrary, he believed that he was scientifically reconstructing the original Indo-European languages, ancestral to the languages on which his reconstruction was based. These were Sanskrit, Avestan ("Old Bactrian," in Schleicher's terminology), Greek, Latin, Oscan, Umbrian, Old Irish, Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian in Schleicher's terminology), Lithuanian, and Gothic. It will be observed that of the ten Indo-European branches for which records survive, only six are represented (Indo-Iranian, Hellenic, Italic, Celtic, Balto-Slavic, and Germanic). Hittite and Tocharian were entirely unknown to Schleicher. I am not sure why Armenian and Albanian were not considered; perhaps at the time their positions within the Indo-European family, and their distinctive characteristics, were too poorly known.
Line 115: Line 115:
:PIE *ǵh, *gh, *gʷh > AV gh.
:PIE *ǵh, *gh, *gʷh > AV gh.
:PIE *l > AV r.
:PIE *l > AV r.
:All PIE laryngeals are lost.
:All PIE laryngeals are lost, with compensatory lengthening of a preceding *a, *e, or *o, but otherwise without trace.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
The personal pronouns are found in 1st person, 2nd person, and reflexive forms. (3rd person pronouns are supplied by demonstratives.) They are inflected in all cases except the vocative; the nominative is also lacking in the reflexive.
{|class=wikitable
|align="center" rowspan="2"|'''agam''' "I"<br>'''tuam''' "you"<br>'''svam''' "oneself"
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Dual
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
|1st person
|2nd person
|Reflexive
|1st person
|2nd person
|Reflexive
|1st person
|2nd person
|Reflexive
|-
!Nom
|agam
|tuam
| -
|
|
|
|masmas <ref>From masmajas < masmaisas or masmâsas</ref>
|tvasmas <ref>From tvasmajas < tvasmaisas or tvasmâsas</ref>
|svasmas
|-
!Acc
|mam
|tvam
|svam
|
|
|
|masmams
|tvasmams
|svasmams
|-
!Inst
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dat
|mabhjam
|tubhjam
|svabhjam
|
|
|
|rowspan="2"|masmaibhjam
|rowspan="2"|tvasmaibhjam
|rowspan="2"|svasmaibhjam
|-
!Abl
|mat, mamat
|tvat
|svat
|
|
|
|-
!Gen
|mas, mamas
|tvas, tvatvas
|svas, svasvas
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Loc
|mai
|tvai
|svai
|
|
|
|masmasva
|tvasmasva
|svasmasva
|}
====Demonstrative pronouns====
''Masculine and Neuter''
{|class=wikitable
|align="center" rowspan="2"|'''ta'''<br>"that"
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Dual
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
! mas.
! neu.
! mas.
! neu.
! mas.
! neu.
|-
!Nom
|sa
|rowspan="2"|tat
|rowspan="2"|tâs
|rowspan="2"|tai
|colspan="2"|tai
|-
!Acc
|tam
|tams
|tâ
|-
!Inst
|colspan="2"|tâ, tabhi
|colspan="2" rowspan="3"|tabhjâms
|colspan="2"|tabhis
|-
!Dat
|colspan="2"|tasmâi
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|taibhjams?
|-
!Abl
|colspan="2"| tasmât
|-
!Gen
|colspan="2"|tasja
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|tajaus
|colspan="2"|taisâm(s)?
|-
!Loc
|colspan="2"|tasmin?
|colspan="2"|taisva(s)?
|}
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns are declined for number (singular, dual, and plural and for case (nominative, accusative, ablative, genitive, locative, dative, two forms of instrumental, and vocative). They fall into several types:
Nouns are declined for number (singular, dual, and plural and for case (nominative, accusative, ablative, genitive, locative, dative, two forms of instrumental, and vocative). They fall into several types:
====Consonant stems====
====Consonant stems====
=====Masculine and feminine=====
{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
|align="center"|'''vâk-''' f.<br>"voice, speech"
|align="center"|'''vâk-''' f.<br>"voice, speech"
Line 161: Line 306:
|}
|}


=====Neuter=====
{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
|align="center"|'''manas-''' n.<br>"thought, mind"
|align="center"|'''manas-''' n.<br>"thought, mind"
Line 198: Line 344:
|}
|}


=====Adjectives=====
{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
|align="center" rowspan="2"|'''bharant-''' a.<br>"carrying"
|align="center" rowspan="2"|'''bharant-''' a.<br>"carrying"
Line 246: Line 393:
|colspan="2"|bharanti
|colspan="2"|bharanti
|colspan="2"|bharantsva
|colspan="2"|bharantsva
|}
====i- and u-stems====
{|class=wikitable
|align="center" rowspan="2"|'''avis''' "sheep"<br>'''sunus''' "son"
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Dual
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
|i-
|u-
|i-
|u-
|i-
|u-
|-
!Voc
|avi (1868 avai)
|sunu
|rowspan="3"|avijâs
|rowspan="3"|sunuvâs
|rowspan="2"|avajas
|rowspan="2"|sunavas
|-
!Nom
|avis
|sunus
|-
!Acc
|avim
|sunum
|avims
|sunums
|-
!Inst
|avjâ, avibhi
|sunvâ, sunibhi
|rowspan="3"|avibhjâms
|rowspan="3"|sunubhjâms
|avibhis
|sunubhis
|-
!Dat
|avajai
|sunavai
|rowspan="2"|avibhjams
|rowspan="2"|sunubhjams
|-
!Abl
|avajat
|sunavat
|-
!Gen
|avajas
|sunavas
|rowspan="2"|avjaus
|rowspan="2"|sunvaus
|avjâm
|sunvâm
|-
!Loc
|avaji
|sunavi
|avisva
|sunusva
|}
|}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Primary endings
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Active
!colspan="2"|Mediopassive
|-
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
| -mi
| -mas
| -mai
| -madhai
|-
!2nd
| -si
| -tasi
| -sai
| -sdhvai
|-
!3rd
| -ti
| -anti
| -tai
| -antai
|}
====Athematic verbs====
{|class="wikitable"
|align="center" colspan="5"|'''as-''' "be"
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Primary endings
|-
!rowspan="2"|Present
!colspan="2"|Active
|-
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|asmi
|asmas
|-
!2nd
|assi
|astasi
|-
!3rd
|asti
|asanti
|-
! Conjunctive
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|asâmi
|asâmasi
|-
!2nd
|asasi
|asatasi
|-
!3rd
|asati
|asanti
|-
! Future
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|assjâmi
|assjâmasi
|-
!2nd
|assjasi
|assjatasi
|-
!3rd
|assjati
|assjanti
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Secondary Endings
|-
!Imperfect
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|âsm
|âsmas
|-
!2nd
|âss
|âstas
|-
!3rd
|âst
|âsant
|-
! Optative
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|asjâm
|asjâmas
|-
!2nd
|asjâs
|asjâtas
|-
!3rd
|asjât
|asjânt
|-
! Optative Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|âsjâm
|âsjâmas
|-
!2nd
|âsjâs
|âsjâtas
|-
!3rd
|âsjât
|âsjânt
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Other
|-
! Imperative
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!2nd
|asdhi
|astat
|-
!3rd
|?
|?
|-
! Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|âsa
|âsmasi
|-
!2nd
|âsta
|âstasi
|-
!3rd
|âsa
|âsanti
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|align="center" colspan="5"|'''da-''' "give"
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Primary endings
|-
!rowspan="2"|Present
!colspan="2"|Active
!colspan="2"|Mediopassive
|-
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dadâmi
|dadamasi
|dadamai
|dadamadhai
|-
!2nd
|dadâsi
|dadatasi
|dadasai
|dadasdhvai
|-
!3rd
|dadâti
|dadanti
|dadatai
|dadantai
|-
! Conjunctive
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dadâmi
|dadâmasi
|dadâmai
|dadâmadhai
|-
!2nd
|dadâsi
|dadâtasi
|dadâsai
|dadâsdhvai
|-
!3rd
|dadâti
|dadânti
|dadâtai
|dadântai
|-
! Future
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dâsjâmi
|dâsjâmasi
|dâsjâmai
|dâsjâmadhai
|-
!2nd
|dâsjasi
|dâsjatasi
|dâsjasai
|dâsjasdhvai
|-
!3rd
|dâsjati
|dâsjanti
|dâsjatai
|dâsjantai
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Secondary Endings
|-
!Imperfect
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|adadâm
|adadamas
|adadama
|adadamadha
|-
!2nd
|adadâs
|adadatas
|adadasa
|adadasdhva
|-
!3rd
|adadât
|adadant
|adadata
|adadanta
|-
! Optative
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dadajâm
|dadajâmas
|dadajâma
|dadajâmadha
|-
!2nd
|dadajâs
|dadajâtas
|dadajâsa
|dadajâsdhva
|-
!3rd
|dadajât
|dadajânt
|dadajâta
|dadajânta
|-
! Optative Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dadâjâm
|dadâjâmas
|dadâjâma
|dadâjâmadha
|-
!2nd
|dadâjâs
|dadâjâtas
|dadâjâsa
|dadâjâsdhva
|-
!3rd
|dadâjât
|dadâjânt
|dadâjâta
|dadâjânta
|-
! Aorist
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|adâm
|adamas
|adama
|adamadha
|-
!2nd
|adâs
|adatas
|adasa
|adasdhva
|-
!3rd
|adât
|adant
|adata
|adanta
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Other
|-
! Imperative
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!2nd
|dadadhi
|dadatat
|dadasva
|dadasdhva
|-
!3rd
|?
|?
|?
|dadantâm
|-
! Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dadâ
|dadamasi
|dadamai
|dadamadhai
|-
!2nd
|dadâta
|dadatasi
|dadasai
|dadasdhvai
|-
!3rd
|dadâ
|dadanti
|dadatai
|dadantai
|-
|}
====Thematic verbs====
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|align="center" colspan="5"|'''bhar-''' "carry, bear"
|align="center" colspan="5"|'''bhar-''' "carry, bear"
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Primary endings
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Present
!rowspan="2"|Present
Line 263: Line 872:
!1st
!1st
|bharâmi
|bharâmi
|bharâmas
|bharâmasi
|bharâmai
|bharâmai
|bharâmadhai
|bharâmadhai
Line 278: Line 887:
|bharatai
|bharatai
|bharantai
|bharantai
|-
! Conjunctive
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|bharâmi
|bharâmasi
|bharâmai
|bharâmadhai
|-
!2nd
|bharâsi
|bharâtasi
|bharâsai
|bharâsdhvai
|-
!3rd
|bharâti
|bharânti
|bharâtai
|bharântai
|-
! Future
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|bharsjâmi
|bharsjâmasi
|bharsjâmai
|bharsjâmadhai
|-
!2nd
|bharsjasi
|bharsjatasi
|bharsjasai
|bharsjasdhvai
|-
!3rd
|bharsjati
|bharsjanti
|bharsjatai
|bharsjantai
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Secondary Endings
|-
|-
!Imperfect
!Imperfect
Line 326: Line 985:
|bharaita
|bharaita
|bharainta
|bharainta
|-
! Optative Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|babhârjâm
|babhârjâmas
|babhârjâma
|babhârjâmadha
|-
!2nd
|babhârjâs
|babhârjâtas
|babhârjâsa
|babhârjâsdhva
|-
!3rd
|babhârjât
|babhârjânt
|babhârjâta
|babhârjânta
|-
! Aorist
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|abharsm
|abharsmas
|abharsma
|abharsmadha
|-
!2nd
|abharss
|abharstas
|abharssa
|abharssdhva
|-
!3rd
|abharst
|abharsant
|abharsta
|abharsanta
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Other
|-
|-
! Imperative
! Imperative
Line 344: Line 1,053:
|?
|?
|bharantâm
|bharantâm
|-
! Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|babhâra
|babharmasi
|babharmai
|babharmadhai
|-
!2nd
|babhârta
|babhartasi
|babharsai
|babharsdhvai
|-
!3rd
|babhâra
|babharanti
|babhartai
|babharantai
|-
|}
|}
==Numbers==
===Cardinal===
1. aina 2. dva 3. tri (f. tisar-) 4. katvar 5. kankan 6. saks (?) 7. saptan 8. akta, aktan 9. navan 10. dakan 11. ainam dakan 12. dvâ dakan 13. trajas dakan 14. katvar dakan 15. kankan dakan 16. saks dakan 17. saptan dakan 18. akta dakan 19. navan dakan 100 kantam<ref>From *dakandakanta</ref>
===Ordinal===
1st. prama 2nd. dvitja (?) 3rd. tritja 4th. katvarta 5th. kankanta, kankta 6th. saksta (?) 7th. saptama/saptata 8th. aktama 9th. navama/navanta 10. dakama/dakanta


==Text==
==Text==
The only extant text in Schleicher's language, thus far, is his own composition of ''The Sheep and the Horses,'' which follows:
The only extant text in Schleicher's language, thus far, is his own composition of ''The Sheep and the Horses,'' which follows:


'''Avis akvâsas ka.'''
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="3"| '''Avis akvâsas ka.'''
|-
|Avi-s ||akva-asas ||ka
|-
|Sheep-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||horse-<small>NOM.PL</small> ||and
|-
|colspan="3"| "The sheep and the horses."
|}
 
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="6"| '''Avis, jasmin varnâ na â ast,'''
|-
|Avi-s, ||ja-smin ||varn-â ||na ||â ||as-t,
|-
|Sheep-<small>NOM.SG</small>, ||<small>REL-LOC.SG.M</small> ||wool-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||<small>NEG</small> ||<small>PST</small> ||be-<small>3.SG.ACT</small>,
|-
|colspan="6"| "A sheep, on whom there was no wool,"
|}
 
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="2"| '''dadarka akvams,'''
|-
|da~dark-a ||akva-ms,
|-
|<small>PRF</small>~see-<small>3.SG.ACT</small> ||horse-<small>ACC.PL</small>,
|-
|colspan="2"| "saw horses,"
|}
 
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="4"| '''tam, vâgham garum vaghantam,'''
|-
|ta-m, ||vâgha-m ||garu-m ||vagh-ant-am,
|-
|<small>DEM-ACC.SG.M</small>, ||vehicle-<small>ACC.SG</small> ||heavy-<small>ACC.SG.M</small> ||pull-<small>PTCP.PRS-ACC.SG</small>
|-
|colspan="4"| "that one, pulling a heavy vehicle"
|}
 
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="7"| '''tam, bhâram magham, tam, manum âku bharantam.'''
|-
|ta-m, ||bhâra-m ||magha-m, ||ta-m, ||manu-m ||âku-Ø ||bhar-ant-am.
|-
|<small>DEM-ACC.SG.M</small>, ||burden-<small>ACC.SG</small> ||great <small>ACC.SG.M</small>, ||<small>DEM-ACC.SG.M</small>, ||man-<small>ACC.SG</small> ||swift-<small>ACC.SG.N</small> ||carry-<small>PTCP.PRS-ACC.SG</small>
|-
|colspan="7"| "that one, [pulling] a great burden; that one, swiftly carrying a man."
|}
 
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="4"| '''Avis akvabhjams â vavakat:'''
|-
|avi-s ||akva-bhjams ||â ||va~vaka-t
|-
|sheep-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||horse-<small>DAT.PL.</small> ||<small>PST</small> ||<small>AOR</small>~say-<small>3.SG.ACT</small>
|-
|colspan="4"| "the sheep said to the horses"
|}


:Avis, jasmin varnâ na â ast,
{|class="wikitable
:Avi-s, ja-smin varn-â na â as-t,
|colspan="7"| '''kard aghnutai mai vidanti manum akvams agantam.'''
:Sheep-<small>NOM.SG</small>, <small>REL-LOC.SG</small> wool-<small>NOM.SG NEG PST</small> be-<small>3.SG.ACT</small>,
|-
:"A sheep, to whom there was no wool,"
|kard-Ø ||agh-nu-tai ||ma-i ||vid-ant-i ||manu-m ||akva-ms ||ag-ant-am.
|-
|heart-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||grieve-<small>NU-3.SG.PRS.MED</small> ||<small>1.SG-LOC</small> ||see-<small>PTCP.PRS.-LOC.SG</small> ||man-<small>ACC.SG</small> ||horse-<small>ACC.PL</small> ||drive-<small>PTCP.PRS-ACC.SG</small>
|-
|colspan="7"| "[my] heart grieves in me seeing a man driving horses."
|}


:dadarka akvams,
{|class="wikitable
:da~dark-a akva-ms,
|colspan="3"| '''Akvâsas â vavakant:'''
:<small>PRF</small>~see-<small>3.SG.ACT</small> horse-<small>ACC.PL</small>,
|-
:"saw horses,"
|akva-asas ||â ||va~vak-ant
|-
|horse-<small>NOM.PL</small> ||<small>PST</small> ||<small>AOR</small>~say-<small>3.PL.ACT</small>
|-
|colspan="3"| "The horses said:"
|}


:tam, vâgham garum vaghantam,
{|class="wikitable
:ta-m, vâgha-m garu-m vagh-ant-am,
|colspan="5"| '''krudhi avai, kard aghnutai vividvant-svas:'''
:<small>DEM-ACC.SG.M</small>, vehicle-<small>ACC.SG</small> heavy-<small>ACC.SG.M</small> pull-<small>PTCP.PRS-ACC.SG</small>
|-
:"that one, pulling a heavy vehicle"
|kru-dhi ||av-ai, ||kard-Ø ||agh-nu-tai ||vi~vid-vant-svas:
|-
|hear-<small>2.SG.IMP</small> ||sheep-<small>VOC.SG</small> ||heart-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||grieve-<small>NU-3.SG.PRS.MED</small> ||<small>PF</small>~know-<small>PTCP-LOC.PL</small>  
|-
|colspan="5"| "listen, O sheep, [our] heart grieves in [us] having known:"
|}


:tam, bhâram magham, tam, manum âku bharantam.
{|class="wikitable
:ta-m, bhâra-m magha-m, ta-m, manu-m âku-Ø bhar-ant-am.
|colspan="5"| '''manus patis varnâm avisâms karnauti'''
:<small>DEM-ACC.SG</small>, burden-<small>ACC.SG</small> great <small>ACC.SG.M</small>, DEM-ACC.SG</small>, man-<small>ACC.SG</small> swift-<small>ACC.SG.N</small> carry-<small>PTCP.PRS-ACC.SG</small>
|-  
:"that one, [pulling] a great burden, that one, swiftly carrying a man."
|manu-s ||pati-s ||varnâ-m ||avi-sâms ||kar-nau-ti
|-
|man-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||master-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||wool-<small>ACC.SG</small> ||sheep-<small>GEN.PL</small> ||make-<small>NU-3.SG.PRS.ACT</small>  
|-
|colspan="5"| "Man, the master, makes the wool of sheep"
|}


:Avis akvabhjams â vavakat:
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="3"| '''svabhjam gharmam vastram'''
|-
|sva-bhjam ||gharma-m ||vastra-m
|-
|<small>REFL-DAT.SG</small> ||warm-<small>ACC.SG.N</small> ||garment-<small>ACC.SG</small> 
|-
|colspan="3"| "for himself [into] a warm garment"
|}
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="5"| '''avibhjams ka varnâ na asti.'''
|-
|avi-bhjams ||ka ||varn-â ||na ||as-ti
|-
|sheep-<small>DAT.PL</small> ||and ||wool-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||<small>NEG</small> ||be-<small>3.SG.PRS.ACT</small>
|-
|colspan="5"| "and for the sheep there is no wool."
|}


kard aghnutai mai vidanti manum akvams agantam.
{|class="wikitable
:Akvâsas â vavakant: krudhi avai, kard aghnutai vividvant-svas: manus patis varnâm avisâms karnauti svabhjam gharmam vastram avibhjams ka varnâ na asti.
|colspan="6"| '''Tat kukruvants avis agram â bhugat.'''
:Tat kukruvants avis agram â bhugat.
|-
|Ta-t ||ku~kru-vant-s ||avi-s ||agra-m ||â ||bhug-a-t
|-
|<small>DEM-ACC.SG.N</small> ||<small>PF</small>~hear-<small>PTCP-NOM.SG</small> ||sheep-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||field-<small>ACC.SG</small> ||<small>PST</small> ||flee-<small>A-3.SG.IPF.ACT</small>
|-
|colspan="6"| "having heard that, the sheep was fleeing to the field."
|}
:


====Glossary to the fable====
====Glossary to the fable====
* ''â'' augment prefixed to verbs indicating past tense
* '''â''' augment prefixed to verbs indicating past tense (PIE *e)
* ''√ag-'' v. drive, force to go
* '''√ag-''' v. drive, force to go (PIE *H₂eǵ-)
* ''agam'' pn. I, unemphatic genitive ''mai''
* '''agam''' 1st person singular pronoun I, locative '''mai''' (PIE *eǵóH, *eǵHóm)
* ''√agh-'' v. be grieved, mourn
* '''√agh-''' v. be grieved, mourn (PIE *H₂egh-)
* ''agras'' n. field
* '''agras''' n. field (PIE *H₂éǵros)
* ''âku-'' a. swift (as av., swiftly)
* '''âku-''' a. swift (as av., swiftly) (PIE *eH₃ḱú-)
* ''akvas'' n.m. horse
* '''akvas''' n.m. horse (PIE *éḱwos)
* ''√as-'' v. be
* '''√as-''' v. be (PIE *H₁es-)
* ''avis'' n.f. sheep
* '''avis''' n.m.f. sheep (PIE *H₃éwis)
* ''√bhar-'' v. carry
* '''√bhar-''' v. carry (PIE *bher-)
* ''bhâras'' n.m. burden
* '''bhâras''' n.m. burden (PIE *bhorós)
* ''√bhuj-'' v. bend; run away, escape
* '''√bhug-''' v. bend; run away, escape (PIE *bhewg-)
* ''√dark-'' v. see
* '''√dark-''' v. see (PIE *derḱ-)
* ''garu'' a. heavy
* '''garu''' a. heavy (PIE *gʷṛrú-)
* ''gharma'' a. warm
* '''gharma''' a. warm (PIE *gʷhṛmó-)
* ''jas, jâ, jat'' rel. pron. which
* '''jas, jâ, jat''' rel. pron. which (PIE *yos, *yeH₂, *yod)
* ''ka'' cj. and (suffixed to the word to be joined)
* '''ka''' cj. and (suffixed to the word to be joined) (PIE *kʷe)
* ''√kar-'' v. make, do
* '''√kar-''' v. make, do (PIE *kʷer-)
* ''kard'' n.n. heart
* '''kard''' n.n. heart (PIE *ḱēr, *ḱerd-)
* ''√kru'' v. hear, listen
* '''√kru-''' v. hear, listen (PIE *ḱlew-)
* ''magha'' a. great
* '''magha''' a. great (PIE *meǵH₂-)
* ''manus'' n.m. man
* '''manus''' n.m. man (PIE *mánus)
* ''na'' av. not
* '''na''' av. not (PIE *ne)
* ''patis'' n.m. lord
* '''patis''' n.m. lord (PIE *pótis)
* ''sa, sâ, tat'' dem. pron. that
* '''sa, sâ, tat''' dem. pron. that (PIE *so, *seH₂, *tod)
* ''sva'' a. (his, her, its, their own)
* '''sva''' a. (his, her, its, their own) (PIE *se-)
* ''vâghas'' n.m. vehicle
* '''√vagh-''' v. move, pull, carry (PIE *weǵh-)
* ''√vak-'' v. say
* '''vâghas''' n.m. vehicle (PIE *woǵhós)
* ''vastram'' n.n. garment, clothing
* '''√vak-''' v. say (PIE *wekʷ-)
* ''√vid-'' v. know
* '''vastram''' n.n. garment, clothing (PIE *wéstrom)
* '''√vid-''' v. know (PIE *weid-)


===References===
===References===
:Schleicher, August, Eine fabel in indogermanischer ursprache, ''Beiträge zur vergleichenden Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der arischen, celtischen und slawischen Sprachen'', 5. Bd., 2. H. (1868), pp. 206-208
:Schleicher, August, Eine fabel in indogermanischer ursprache, ''Beiträge zur vergleichenden Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der arischen, celtischen und slawischen Sprachen'', 5. Bd., 2. H. (1868), pp. 206-208
===Notes===
<references/>
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
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