Páuluòbeng: Difference between revisions

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'''Netagin''' (English: /nɛtəˈgiːn/, adopted from the [[Clofabosin]] word ''netagosin'' for the language) may refer to the following stages of the language:
'''Páuluòbeng''' (''yi bPáuluòbeng'') is a minority language closely related to [[Ciètian]], but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language. It is inspired by Mandarin and Yorkshire English.
*[[Ancient Netagin]]
*[[Classical Netagin]]
*[[Modern Netagin]]


[[Category:Netagin]][[Category:Tricin]]
Páuluòbeng is the most tonal spoken Talmic language (even more tonal than [[Anbirese]]).
 
Figure out how to assign tones
==Todo==
Glottal reinforcement mania
 
Final schwa > tone split
 
dr tr sr > zh ch sh; zhil, zhim, zhin, zhing > zhul, zhum, zhun, zhung
 
''lr̀'' /lɛ̂ː(ɹ)/ = sap, syrup
 
''ehcung, yi h-ehcung; pl. ehcungr'' /əhˈkʊ̄ŋ, əhˈkȭː(ɹ)/ = mountain
 
''dèe, yi dèe; pl. dèen'' /têː, têːn/ = valley
 
''yi syøød'' /ɕɥǿːʔ/ = rose
 
''mand'' /manʔ/ = to take
 
''ted'' /təʔ/ = beautiful
 
''dùun'' /tû:n/ = far
 
''duāilig'' /ˈtwɑ́ːljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester
 
''yi mār'' /mǽ:/ = tree
 
''jyarm'' /t͡ɕǽ:m/ 'heavy'
 
''yi kaθr'' /ˈkʰaħə/ 'flower'
 
''ái'' /ɑ̌ː/ 'gold'
 
''Áiзaan'' /ɑ̌ːzǣːn/ '(a name)'
 
''neħdir'' /nəhtjə/ = chain
 
==Phonology==
Mandarin/Ufirlandisg consonants;  Yorkshire vowels
 
====Tones====
Báoluòveng is a strongly pitch-accent language.
 
Three tones for long vowels:
*ā or a: mid level, relaxed
*á: rising
*à: falling
 
====Consonants====
p b f v t d c z s з /z/ q j x ξ /ʑ/ ch zh sh r /ɹ/ k g h γ /ɣ/ θ /ħ/ ħ /h/ m n ng l w y - stops are devoiced, as in Mandarin
 
* /tʂw tʂʰw ʂw ɹw/ labialize to /pf pfʰ f ʋ/ before /u y ɥ w/
* h = /x/ θ = /ħ/, ħ = /h/
 
====Vowels====
Baoluoveng doesn't like closing diphthongs very much, unlike Standard Ciètian.
 
Short vowels:
*a ie i o u ü /a (j)ɛ (w)ɪ (w)ɔ (w)ʊ (ɥ)ʏ/
 
Long vowels:
*ai ee uai uee ie üe /ɑː~aɪ eː waɪ~wɑː weː jeː ɥøː/
**[aɪ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /ɑː/
*au iau oo ioo /æː~əʊ jæː~əʊ oː joː/
**[əʊ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /æː/
*ii uu üü /(j)iː uː (ɥ)yː/
 
R-linking vowels:
*uor, uoor, uoo, ur, uur /(w)ɔː(ɹ)/
*(i)ar, (i)aar, (i)aa /(j)æː(ɹ)/
*r, eer /ɛː(ɹ)/
*ir, iir /jɛː(ɹ)/
*ür, üür /jɔː(ɹ)~ɥœː(ɹ)/
*ueer /wɛː(ɹ)/
*air aur oor /æː(ɹ), ɑː(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)/
*angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/
**e.g. ''liangr'' /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream'
Unstressed vowels:
*final -r = /(j)ə(ɹ)/
*final -i = /ɪ/
*final -ou = /o/
 
Many grammatical endings are merged in {{PAGENAME}}.
 
=====Linking R=====
*Example of linking R: ''yi χazr àard'' [jɪ ˈxazə ɹ‿æ̂ːʔ] 'the big flower' (cf. [[Ciètian]]: ''ye χazerr àrd'' [jə ˈxazər ʔɔɯt])
*No linking R: ''yi búuθ àard'' [jɪ ˈpǔːħ æ̂ːʔ] 'the big cave' (cf. [[Ciètian]]: ''ye bùθa àrd'' [jə ˈpuːhə ʔɔɯt])
 
====Mutations====
Báoluòveng has no eclipsis mutation, unlike Cièdian. Lenition is similar to Cièdian.
 
==Grammar==
===Nouns===
The {{PAGENAME}} noun system is much simpler than in Cièdian: there is no case, and the masculine and the feminine merged to the common gender.
 
As in Ciètian, the singular definite article ''ye'' and ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' changes to ''yen'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. The same occurs for plural nouns too. For example:
*''*yi<sup>L</sup> ùur'' > ''yin ùur'' /jɪn ˈwɤ̂ː/ (masculine) 'the sense (nominative)'; pl. ''nan ùurn'' /nən wɤ̂ːn/ 'the senses'
*''*yi àavr'' > ''yin àavr'' /jɪn ˈæ̂ːvə/ (neuter) 'the book (nominative)'; pl. ''nan áavr'' /nən ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'the books'
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Definite article'''
! colspan="2" | singular || colspan="2" | plural
|-
! common || neuter || common || neuter
|-
| ''yi<sup>L</sup>, yin''<br/>''yi bpràan'' /jɪ bɹæ̂ːn/ 'the corner' || ''yi, yin''<br/>''yi hāar'' /jɪ xǣ:/ 'the flower' || ''na, nan''<br/>''na bpràanr'' /nə bɹæ̂ːnə/ 'the corners' || ''na<sup>L''</sup><br/>''na γǎar'' /nə ɣæ̌:/ 'the flowers'
|}
 
Nouns are usually pluralized with ''-r''. If the singular already ends in ''-r'', the plural is unchanged except possibly with a tone change.
====Pluralization patterns====
#sg. null > pl. -r /ə/: The regular pattern.
#*''bpràan'' /bræ̂:n/ 'a corner' > ''bpràanr'' /bræ̂:nə/
#sg. level tone > pl. rising tone: Common for nouns whose stems contain a *ð (Tigol ṫ) or *γ (Tigol ċ).
#*''hāar'' /xǣ:/ 'a flower' > ''hǎar'' /xæ̌:/ 'flowers'
#sg. falling tone > pl. rising: Common for nouns already ending in r
#*''àavr'' /ˈæ̂ːvə/ 'a book' > ''áavr'' /ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'books'
#sg. null > pl. -n /ən/: For nouns which were monosyllabic in Tigol and ended in a vowel.
#*''tèe'' /tʰe:/ 'a valley' pl. ''tèen'' /tʰêːn/ 'valleys'
 
===Adjectives===
Adjectives take plurals like nouns, and have the same pluralization patterns as nouns.
 
*''shàan'' /ʂæ̂:n/ 'true (sg)' > ''shàanr'' /ʂæ̂:nə/ 'true (pl)' (~ [[Eevo]] ''tŋawm'' 'true')
*''zhùu'' /tʂû:/ 'red (sg)' > ''zhùun'' /tʂû:n/ 'red (pl)' (~ [[Eevo]] ''dru'' 'copper')
 
===Verbs===
There is a binary system of present vs. past. The past tense requires ergative syntax to be used, like in Anbirese and Ciètian.
 
The ergative particle is ''u'' /ʊ/.
====Tonal ablaut patterns====
#present level > past rising (verbs ending in consonants)
#present any tone > past -n (verbs ending in vowels)
#*''shuò'' 'digs' (~Eevo ''troh'' 'to oppose'); ''shuōn'' 'dug'
 
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]
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