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Vurásandi (IPA: [vu.'rɑː.sən.dɪ]) is the primary liturgical language of the Bordish and Binduli religions; a philosophical language of many different religious cults living on the Western Coast of Turtle Island (mainly in Kalifiya); and a literary language and lingua franca of the western world. As a result of transmission of Bordish and Bindul culture from Kalifiya to the Riverlands in the east and parts of Central Tepia, it is also a language of high culture in some of these regions.
Vurásandi (IPA: [vu.'rɑː.sən.dɪ]) is the primary liturgical language of Kalifiya; a philosophical language of many different religious cults living in the West of Turtle Island (mainly in Kalifiya); and a literary language and lingua franca of the western world. As a result of transmission of Kalifi cultures from Kalifiya to the Riverlands and parts of Central Tepia in the east, as well as Karbadi and Pangala to the south, it is also a language of high culture in some of these regions.


Vurásandi is a standardized dialect of the Wasmáthi languages, having originated before the beginning of the Light Age of War (roughly 5,000 years ago) as Old Vura and tracing its linguistic ancestry back to Proto-Vura. As one of the oldest languages in Yarad, for which substantial written documentation exists, Vurásandi holds a prominent position in the modern world. The body of Vurásandi literature encompasses a rich tradition of poetry and drama as well as scientific, technical, philosophical and religious texts. The compositions of Vurásandi were orally transmitted for much of its early history by methods of memorization of exceptional complexity, rigor, and fidelity. Thereafter, variants and derivatives of the Barhami script came to be used.
Vurásandi is a standardized language of the Wasmáthi dialects, having originated in the beginning of the Age of Fish (roughly 2,000 years ago) when Z'e Ji Vuqadzi wrote Vurásandi Essámahta. As one of the oldest living languages in Yarad, Vurásandi holds a prominent position in the modern world. The body of Vurásandi literature encompasses a rich tradition of poetry and drama as well as scientific, technical, philosophical and religious texts. The early compositions of Vurásandi were written by the 12 Shepards of Is'a.  


Vurásandi is today one of the 4 main languages of Yarad. It continues to be widely used as a ceremonial language in Bordish religious rituals and Binduli practice in the form of hymns and chants.
Vurásandi is today one of the 4 main languages of Yarad. It continues to be widely used as a ceremonial language in Kalifi religious rituals and Binduli practice in the form of hymns and chants.


Vurásandi may also refer to any of the number of tribal dialects spoken in Kalifiya.


== Name ==
== Name ==
The name Vurásandi comes from two roots (VRÁ: holy, divine; SND: language, speech, tongue). This language became used as the primary language for religious rituals and learned discourse throughout Kalifiya, in contrast to the language spoken daily by the common folk, which was known as (Quyksandi, common speech).  
The name Vurásandi comes from two roots (VRÁ: holy, divine; SND: language, speech, tongue). This language was given its name by the holy priestess Z'e Ji Vuqádzi in her work Vurásandi Esasmátha. This language became used as the primary language for religious rituals and learned discourse throughout Kalifiya, in contrast to the language spoken daily by the common folk, which was known as quyuksandi (common speech).  


== Variants ==
== History ==
The pre-Dark Age of the King form of Vurásandi is known as Old Vura, with the language used in the Hanam Vara being the most ancient and archaic stage surviving into this day, dating back to 4,500 years ago.  
Vurásandi developed from a number of different dialects spoken throughout Kalifiya during the Age of Ram. Originally laid out in Vurásandi Essámatha by Z'e Ji Vuqádzi (one of Is'a's 12 Shepherds) in the 72nd year of the Age of Fish. It's position in the cultures of Greater Kalifiya is akin to that of Sanskrit in India and Latin and Ancient Greek in Europe, and it has significantly influenced most modern languages of the Kalifiyan Subcontinent, particularly in Kalifiya, the Riverlands, West Tepia, Karbadi, Siryorunda, and Pangala.  


Modern Vurásandi is the standardized register as laid out in Vurásandi Esasmátha by Z'e Ji Vuqádzi (one of Is'a's 12 holy men) in the 24th year of the Dark Age. It's position in the cultures of Greater Kalifiya is akin to that of Sanskrit in India and Latin and Ancient Greek in Europe, and it has significantly influenced most modern languages of the Kalifiyan Subcontinent, particularly in Kalifiya, the Riverlands, West Tepia, Karbadi, Siryorunda, and Pangala.
=== Origin of Standard Vurásandi ===
 
The language as described by Z'e Ji Vuqádzi evolved out of the earlier dialects spoken in Kalifiya. Before Is'a and his 12 Shepherds united the country, many different dialects were spoken throughout the region. This led to much confusion and war during the Age of Ram. Z'e Ji Vuqádzi spent the greater part of her life compiling the Vurásandi Essámahta in order to unify the country's many dialects. Her work became the accepted standard in the 1066th year in the current age.
=== Old Vura ===
The language as described by Z'e Ji Vuqádzi evolved out of the earlier form known as Old Vura. The present form of Old Vura can be traced back to as early as 5,000 years ago with the oldest holy text known as the Hanam Vara, author unknown. Scholars often distinguish Old Vura and Modern Vurásandi as separate dialects, as there is some evidence of them existing simultaneously. Although they are quite similar, they differ in a number of essential points of phonology, vocabulary, grammar and syntax. Old Vura is the language of the Hanmajis, a large collection of hymns, incantations and theological and religion-philosophical discussions (of which the Hanam Vara is the oldest). Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Hanam Vara to be the earliest, composed by many authors over several centuries of oral tradition. The end of the Old Vura period is marked by the composition of the Vurakyádva by Z'e Ji Vus'árni, which form the concluding part of the traditional Old Vura corpus; however, there exist many other texts not traditionally included in the old liturgical literature, written after the introduction of Classical Vurásandi, which are direct representations of the Old Vura era, both in language and content.


=== Modern Vurásandi ===
=== Modern Vurásandi ===
For nearly 2000 years, Vurásandi was the language of a cultural order that exerted influence from Kalifiya into the Riverlands and onto a significant area of the Middlelands, and to some extent into the Tepian and Jaboni Empires. A significant form of post-Old Vura is found in the Vurásandi of the epic poetry of the religious class—the Ragasamah and Marbahag. The differences in the epics from Z'e Ji Vuqádzi's form of Vurásandi as described in Vurásandi Esasmátha is credited with being caused by innovation by the authors, and not because they are pre-Z'e Ji Vuqádzi. The Vurásandi of the Far West is traditionally considered to be the purest form of Vurásandi, and therefore has become the standard used in teaching schools.
For nearly 2000 years, Vurásandi was the language of a cultural order that exerted influence from Kalifiya into the Riverlands and onto a significant area of the Middlelands, and to some extent into the Tepian and Jaboni Empires. The Vurásandi of the Vurásandi Essámahta is traditionally considered to be the purest form of Vurásandi, and therefore has become the standard used in teaching schools.  
 
There are four principal dialects of Vurásandi: Vunvurásandi (Northwestern, also called Northern or Western), Madyiradas (lit., from the middle country), Vurásandi Ardehun (Eastern) and Vurásandi Adsetun (Southern, arose in the Classical period). The predecessors of the first three dialects are attested in the ancient writings, of which Hanam Vara is the oldest.


== History ==
While much of Kalifiya has become modernized, there still exists a large number of people still living in their traditional tribal ways. These people speak a number of local dialects of Vurásandi, which due to considerable variation could be considered languages in their own rite. It is common for people in Kalifiya to be fluent in at least two forms of Vurásandi.


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
<small>see also Vurásandi Phonology for more detail </small><br />
<small>see also Vurásandi Phonology for more detail </small><br />


Western Vurásandi distinguishes 40 different phonemes. 15 vowels, 25 consonants. We have used a variation on the traditional alignment of sounds and also a standardized transcription system for writing Vurásandi sounds in the Latin alphabet. More about the writing system and transcription system is listed in the section below called Writing.
Standard Vurásandi distinguishes 40 different phonemes. 15 vowels, 25 consonants. We have used a variation on the traditional alignment of sounds and also a standardized transcription system for writing Vurásandi sounds in the Latin alphabet. More about the writing system and transcription system is listed in the section below called Writing.


a  e  i  o  u<br />
a  e  i  o  u<br />
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=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
There are 15 different vowel phonemes, which are considered to be between 6 and 21 distinct sounds depending on tradition and dialect. The Western Standard dialect recognizes the normal 15, as to represent each vowel distinctly. There are 5 short vowels, 5 long vowels, and 5 nasal vowels. Below we have listed our standard transcription next to the IPA sound in brackets.<br />
There are 15 different vowel phonemes, which are considered to be between 6 and 21 distinct sounds depending on tradition and dialect. Standard Vurásandi recognizes the normal 15, as to represent each vowel distinctly. There are 5 short vowels, 5 long vowels, and 5 nasal vowels. Below we have listed our standard transcription next to the IPA sound in brackets.<br />
   
   
Short vowels: a  [ə]  e  [e]  i  [ɪ]  o  [ɔ]  u  [ʌ] <br />
Short vowels: a  [ə]  e  [e]  i  [ɪ]  o  [ɔ]  u  [ʌ] <br />
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=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
The Western Standard dialect recognizes 25 distinct consonant sounds. These 25 different consonant phonemes are made up of 6 plosives (stops), 2 nasals, 11 fricatives, 2 affricates, 2 semivowels, 1 lateral, and 1 tap. We have organized a table to better represent the traditional alignment of consonant sounds in Vurásandi. We have used the traditional transcription method next to the sounds in IPA in brackets as before.
Standard Vurásandi recognizes 25 distinct consonant sounds. These 25 different consonant phonemes are made up of 6 plosives (stops), 2 nasals, 11 fricatives, 2 affricates, 2 semivowels, 1 lateral, and 1 tap. We have organized a table to better represent the traditional alignment of consonant sounds in Vurásandi. We have used the traditional transcription method next to the sounds in IPA in brackets as before.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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=== Verbs ===
=== Verbs ===
Verbs in Vurásandi can be known as syamháynar (words of action). Verbs are inflected for person and number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect. There are 6 person and number prefixes. There are 5 tenses, 8 voices, 14 moods, and 9 aspects. <br />  
Verbs in Vurásandi can be known as syamháynar (words of action). Verbs are inflected for person and number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect. There are 6 person and number prefixes. There are 5 tenses, 8 voices, 14 moods, and 9 aspects. <br />  
To form a verb, you must first build a verb root out of three consonants using one of the verb pattern formulas above, then you must add the appropriate
Verbs also use the triconsonantal root system. There are certain root patterns that can help determine the type of verb a word is.<br />
The verb root pattern determines the type of verb it is.
* CáCC—    transitive verb
Here are some of the most common verb root patterns:
* aCCaC—  intransitive verb
* aCCatC— ditransitive verb
* uCCáC— purposefully doing something
* aCCúC— adjectival verb
<br />
To form a verb, you must first build a verb root out of three consonants using one of the verb pattern formulas above, then you may add the appropriate subject pronoun as a prefix. If it is already clear to the listener you may drop the pronouns. Then you have the option of adding a vowel for tense, a consonant for voice, the same vowel again,another consonant for mood, and another consonant for aspect. It may be ended with an -a if it produces and undesirable consonant cluster at the coda.
(PN)-ROOT-(V [tense])-(C [voice])-(V [tense])-(C [mood])-(C [aspect])-(a)<br />
 
==== Tense ====
==== Tense ====
Tense is used to refer to when an action occurred. There are 6 tenses in Vurásandi:
Tense is used to refer to when an action occurred. There are 6 tenses in Vurásandi:
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* Near Future is used to talk about things that about to happen.
* Near Future is used to talk about things that about to happen.
* (Distant) Future is used to talk about things that will happen.
* (Distant) Future is used to talk about things that will happen.
The vowels used to represent these tenses are i, e, a, o, and u respectively.<br />
==== Voice ====
==== Voice ====
Voice is used to change the relationship between the verb and the main agent of the verb. There are 8 voices in Vurásandi; 4 affirmative and their 4 negative counterparts.
* Active voice (ACT)- used to talk about things doing something or not.
* Passive voice (PAS)- used to talk about things being done or not.
* Causative voice (CAU)- used to talk about making things do something or not.
* Potential voice (POT)- used to talk about things being able to do something or not.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! voice !! affirmative !! negative
|-
| ACT || -(l)- || -n-
|-
| PAS || -t- || -nt-
|-
| CAU || -k- || -nk-
|-
| POT || -y- || -ny-
|}
The active voice is usually not marked in the affirmative, but if necessary there might be an l to represent it.


==== Mood ====
==== Mood ====
Mood is used to roughly express how the speaker feels about the action. There are 14 moods in Vurásandi:<br />
* Indicative mood (IND)- used to express a speaker's general belief.
* Alethic mood (ALT)- used to express things that are common sense, general truths, things everyone is assumed to know
* Tentative mood (TEN)- used to express things that are likely to happen, probably will happen
* Dubitive mood (DUB)- used to express things that are possible to happen
* Debitive mood (DEB)- used to express things that need to happen
* Permissive mood (PER)- used to grant permission to someone
* Imperative mood (IMP)- used to give a command
* Requestive mood (REQ)- used to soften a command, more polite way to request
* Hortative mood (HOR)- used to politely encourage someone
* Adhortative mood (ADH)- used to advise someone who is less knowledgeable than you
* Commissive mood (CMM)- used to promise or threaten
* Desiderative mood (DES)- used to express wants or desires
* Esperative mood (ESP)- used to express hopes and dreams
* Amative mood (AMA)- used to express likes
<br />
Indicative mood is not marked. The other endings in the same order as listed are as follows: -z-, -s-, -f-, -z'-, -s'-, -j-, -t'-, -d'-, -q-, -c-, -v-, -x-, and -h-.
==== Aspect ====
==== Aspect ====
Aspect is another feature used to distinguish how things happen relative to the flow of time. There are 9 different aspects in Vurásandi.
* Neutral aspect (NEU)- the default aspect, with no relation to the flow of time.
* Progressive aspect (PRO)- used to talk about things that are happening in the specific moment one is referring to.
* Habitual aspect (HAB)- used to talk about things that happen regularly.
* Continuous aspect (CON)- used to talk about things happening without stopping.
* Durative aspect (DUR)- used to talk about things that only last a short time.
* Inchoative aspect (INC)- used to talk about things just beginning to happen.
* Pausative aspect (PAU)- used to talk about things stopping in the middle of happening.
* Resumptative aspect (RSM)- used to talk about continuing where you left off.
* Resultative aspect (RES)- used to talk about finishing things.
<br />
As you might have guessed, neutral aspect is not marked. The remaining endings in the same order as listed above are as follows: -k/g-, -t/d-, -p/b-, -w-, -y-, -l-, -r-, and -n/m.
For some aspects there are two possibilities. Look at the letter that comes before the aspect indicator. If it is an unvoiced consonant, use the the choice that comes in front of the slash (unvoiced consonant). If the letter before is a vowel or a voiced consonant, then use the voiced option.
<br />
==== Verb Conjugations ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! V- tense !! C- voice !! V !! C- mood !! C- aspect
|-
| past -i- || ACT -(l/n)- ||  || IND — || NEU —
|-
| recent past -e- || PAS -(n)t- ||  || ALT -z- || PRO -k/g-
|-
| present -a- || CAU -(n)k- ||  || TEN -s- || HAB -t/d-
|-
| near future -o- || POT -(n)y- ||  || DUB -f- || CON -p/b-
|-
| future -u- ||  ||  || DEB -z'- || DUR -w-
|-
|  ||  || || PER -s'- || INC -y-
|-
|  ||  ||  || IMP -j- || PAU -l-
|-
|  ||  ||  || REQ -t'- || RSM -r-
|-
|  ||  ||  || HOR -d'- || RES -n/m-
|-
|  ||  ||  || ADH -q- ||
|-
|  ||  ||  || CMM -c- ||
|-
|  ||  ||  || DES -v- ||
|-
|  ||  ||  || ESP -x- ||
|-
|  ||  ||  || AMA -h- ||
|}
=== Numbers ===
Vurásandi uses two different number systems. One is a more modern system that uses a base of 10, and the other is the more ancient system based with 12. Since the 10 base system is still fairly recent, it is common to hear speakers using both systems interchangeably. However, it is considered correct to count things that come in integers of 12 with the 12 base system, and things that come in integers of 10 with the 10 base system.
<br />
The numbers 1 through 12 are the same in both systems.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| 1 || án
|-
| 2 || ánat
|-
| 3 || tey
|-
| 4 || qatt
|-
| 5 || kín
|-
| 6 || s'a
|-
| 7 || het
|-
| 8 || yot
|-
| 9 || nif
|-
| 10 || des
|-
| 11 || yel
|-
| 12 || táwid'
|}
<br />
The numbers after 12 become different between the systems.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  !! 10 Base !! 12 Base
|-
| 13 || des teyn || táwid' án
|-
| 14 || des qatt || táwid' ánat
|-
| 15 || des kín || táwid' teyn
|-
| 16 || des s'a || táwid' qatt
|-
| 17 || des het || táwid' kín
|-
| 18 || des yot || táwid' s'a
|-
| 19 || des nif || towed' het
|-
| 20 || dyesat || táwid' yot
|-
| 21 || dyesat án || táwid' nif
|-
| 22 || dyesat ánat || táwid' des
|-
| 23 || dyesat tey || táwid' yel
|-
| 24 || dyesat qatt || tawíd'at
|}
So as you can see from this table, there are main base naming numbers for multiplies of 10 and 12. To make compound integers, you simply take the number and add the smaller number after it. The only other thing to memorize is the names of the different multiples. It's almost similar to the English number system. <br />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  !! 10 Base !! 12 Base
|-
| 30 || teysat || tawíd'at s'a
|-
| 36 || teysat s'a || teywid'
|-
| 40 || qatsat || teywid' qatt
|-
| 48 || qatsat yot || qatwid'
|-
| 50 || kínsat || qatwid' ánat
|-
| 60 || s'asat || kínwid'
|-
| 70 || heqat || kínwid' des
|-
| 72 || heqat ánat || s'aswid'
|-
| 80 || yóqat || s'aswid' yot
|-
| 84 || yóqat qatt || hetwid'
|-
| 90 || niqat || hetwid' s'a
|-
| 96 || niqat s'a || yówid'
|-
| 100 || dorén || yówid' qatt
|-
| 108 || dorén yot || niwid'
|-
| 110 || dorén des || niwid' ánat
|-
| 120 || dorén dyesat || deswid'
|-
| 130 || dorén teysat || deswid' des
|-
| 132 || dorén teysat ánat || yelwid'
|-
| 140 || dorén qatsat || yelwid' yot
|-
| 144 || dorén qatsat qatt || dajǎ
|}
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