Láadan: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Láadan
|name=Láadan
|creator=[[Suzette Haden Elgin]]
|creator=Suzette Haden Elgin
|created=1982
|created=1982
|setting=experiment in [[feminism|feminist]] [[linguistics]], and featured in Elgin's [[novel]] ''Native Tongue''
|setting=experiment in feminist [[linguistics]], and featured in Elgin's novel ''Native Tongue''
|familycolor=conlang
|familycolor=conlang
|fam1=[[artistic language|artistic]] and [[philosophical language|philosophical]] language
|fam1=[[artistic language|artistic]] and [[philosophical language|philosophical]] language
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=== Tones ===
=== Tones ===
Láadan is a [[tone (linguistics)|tonal language]]. It utilises two distinct tones:
Láadan is a [[tonal language]]. It utilises two distinct tones:
* ''lo'' – {{IPA|/lō/}} or {{IPA|/lò/}}, a short, medium or low tone, represented by a single unmarked vowel
* ''lo'' – {{IPA|/lō/}} or {{IPA|/lò/}}, a short, medium or low tone, represented by a single unmarked vowel
* ''ló'' – {{IPA|/ló/}}, a short, high tone, represented by a single marked vowel
* ''ló'' – {{IPA|/ló/}}, a short, high tone, represented by a single marked vowel
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=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
Láadan has five [[vowel]]s:
Láadan has five vowels:
* ''a''{{spaced ndash}}{{IPA|/ɑ/}}, an [[open back unrounded vowel]] (as [[English language|English]] ''calm''),
* ''a'' {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, an [[w:open back unrounded vowel|open back unrounded vowel]] (as English ''calm''),
* ''e''{{spaced ndash}}{{IPA|/ɛ/}}, an [[open-mid front unrounded vowel]] (as English ''bell''),
* ''e'' {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, an [[w:open-mid front unrounded vowel|open-mid front unrounded vowel]] (as English ''bell''),
* ''i''{{spaced ndash}}{{IPA|/ɪ/}}, a [[near-close near-front unrounded vowel]] (as English ''bit''),
* ''i'' {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, a [[w:near-close near-front unrounded vowel|near-close near-front unrounded vowel]] (as English ''bit''),
* ''o''{{spaced ndash}}{{IPA|/o/}}, a [[close-mid back rounded vowel]] (as English ''home''),
* ''o'' {{IPA|/o/}}, a [[w:close-mid back rounded vowel|close-mid back rounded vowel]] (as English ''home''),
* ''u''{{spaced ndash}}{{IPA|/u/}}, a [[close back rounded vowel]] (as English ''boon'').
* ''u'' {{IPA|/u/}}, a [[w:close back rounded vowel|close back rounded vowel]] (as English ''boon'').


=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|  
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|  
! rowspan="2"| [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan="2"| [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2"| [[Dental consonant|Dental]] /<br> [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2"| [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]] /<br> [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2"| [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]<br>/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2"| [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]<br>/ [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2"| [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
! rowspan="2"| [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- style="font-size: x-small"
|- style="font-size: x-small"
! [[Central consonant|Central]]
! [[w:Central consonant|Central]]
! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
! [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|-align=center
|-align=center
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| m {{IPA|/m/}}
| m {{IPA|/m/}}
| n {{IPA|/n/}}
| n {{IPA|/n/}}
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|
|
|-align=center
|-align=center
! colspan=2|[[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! colspan=2|[[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
| b {{IPA|/b/}}
| b {{IPA|/b/}}
| d {{IPA|/d/}}
| d {{IPA|/d/}}
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|
|
|-align=center
|-align=center
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! rowspan="2" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left" | voiceless
! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left" | voiceless
|
|
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|
|
|-align=center
|-align=center
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| w {{IPA|/w/}}
| w {{IPA|/w/}}
|| r {{IPA|/ɹ/}}
|| r {{IPA|/ɹ/}}
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|
|
|}
|}
Láadan lacks the [[consonant]]s {{IPA|/p, t, k, ɡ, s, z, f, v/}}. However, it uses ''b'', ''d'', ''sh'' ({{IPA|/ʃ/}}), ''m'', ''n'', ''l'', ''r'', ''w'', ''y'' ({{IPA|/j/}}), ''h'' with the same phonetic value as English. In addition to these, three [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] require further explanation:
Láadan lacks the consonants {{IPA|/p, t, k, ɡ, s, z, f, v/}}. However, it uses ''b'', ''d'', ''sh'' ({{IPA|/ʃ/}}), ''m'', ''n'', ''l'', ''r'', ''w'', ''y'' ({{IPA|/j/}}), ''h'' with the same phonetic value as English. In addition to these, three digraphs require further explanation:
* ''th''{{spaced ndash}}{{IPA|/θ/}}, a [[voiceless dental fricative]] (always as in English ''think'', never as ''then''),
* ''th'' {{IPA|/θ/}}, a [[w:voiceless dental fricative|voiceless dental fricative]] (always as in English ''think'', never as ''then''),
* ''zh''{{spaced ndash}}{{IPA|/ʒ/}}, a [[voiced postalveolar fricative]] (as English ''plea'''s'''ure''),
* ''zh'' {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, a [[w:voiced postalveolar fricative|voiced postalveolar fricative]] (as English ''plea'''s'''ure''),
* ''lh''{{spaced ndash}}{{IPA|/ɬ/}}, a [[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]] (as [[Welsh language|Welsh]] ''llan'').
* ''lh'' {{IPA|/ɬ/}}, a [[w:voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]] (as Welsh ''llan'').


== Grammar ==
== Grammar ==
Most Láadan sentences contain three [[grammatical particle|particles]]:
Most Láadan sentences contain three particles:
* The ''speech-act'' particle{{spaced ndash}}this occurs at the beginning of the sentence and marks it as either a statement (''bíi''), a question (''báa''), ''et cetera''; in connected speech or writing, this particle is often omitted. They are:
* The ''speech-act'' particle this occurs at the beginning of the sentence and marks it as either a statement (''bíi''), a question (''báa''), ''et cetera''; in connected speech or writing, this particle is often omitted. They are:
*; Bíi : Indicates a declarative sentence (usually optional)
*; Bíi : Indicates a declarative sentence (usually optional)
*; Báa : Indicates a question
*; Báa : Indicates a question
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*; Bé : Indicates a promise
*; Bé : Indicates a promise
*; Bée : Indicates a warning
*; Bée : Indicates a warning
* The [[grammatical tense]] particle{{spaced ndash}}this occurs second in the sentence and marks it as either [[present tense]] (''ril''), [[past tense]] (''eril''), [[future tense]] (''aril'') or hypothetical (''wil''); without the tense particle, the sentence is assumed to have the same tense as the previous sentence.
* The [[grammatical tense]] particle this occurs second in the sentence and marks it as either [[present tense]] (''ril''), [[past tense]] (''eril''), [[future tense]] (''aril'') or hypothetical (''wil''); without the tense particle, the sentence is assumed to have the same tense as the previous sentence.
* The [[evidentiality|evidence]] particle{{spaced ndash}}this occurs at the end of statements and indicates the trustworthiness of the statement. They are:
* The [[evidentiality|evidence]] particle this occurs at the end of statements and indicates the trustworthiness of the statement. They are:
*; wa : Known to speaker because perceived by speaker, externally or internally
*; wa : Known to speaker because perceived by speaker, externally or internally
*; wi : Known to speaker because self-evident
*; wi : Known to speaker because self-evident
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=== Pronouns ===
=== Pronouns ===
[[Pronoun]]s in Láadan are built up from a number of constituent parts. The consonant ''l'' marks the [[grammatical person|first person]], ''n'' the second person and ''b'' the third person. Usually, these are followed by the vowel ''e''. However, the vowel ''a'' is used to designate someone who is loved (''lhe-'' is prefixed to describe someone who is despised). The suffix ''-zh'' is used to mark a plural pronoun for numbers up to four, and ''-n'' for numbers beyond that. Therefore, ''lazh'' means "we, several beloved", and ''lheben'' means "they, many despised".
Pronouns in Láadan are built up from a number of constituent parts. The consonant ''l'' marks the first person]], ''n'' the second person and ''b'' the third person. Usually, these are followed by the vowel ''e''. However, the vowel ''a'' is used to designate someone who is loved (''lhe-'' is prefixed to describe someone who is despised). The suffix ''-zh'' is used to mark a plural pronoun for numbers up to four, and ''-n'' for numbers beyond that. Therefore, ''lazh'' means "we, several beloved", and ''lheben'' means "they, many despised".


== See also ==
== See also ==
*[[Language and gender]]
*[[:Category:Engineered languages|Other Engineered languages]]


== References ==
== References ==
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== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
*Elgin, Suzette Haden, & Diane Martin. ''A First Dictionary and Grammar of Láadan''. Madison: [[WisCon|Society for the Furtherance and Study of Fantasy and Science Fiction]], 1988.
*Elgin, Suzette Haden, & Diane Martin. ''A First Dictionary and Grammar of Láadan''. Madison: Society for the Furtherance and Study of Fantasy and Science Fiction, 1988.
*Jones, Mari C. and Ishtla Singh, ''Exploring Language Change'': Routledge, 2005; pp.&nbsp;169–182.
*Jones, Mari C. and Ishtla Singh, ''Exploring Language Change'': Routledge, 2005; pp.&nbsp;169–182.


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q35757|wikt=Appendix:Láadan|b=no|v=no|voy=no|s=no|n=no|q=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|c=no}}
*{{official website}}
* [http://www.sfwa.org/members/elgin/Laadan.html Elgin's Láadan introduction]
* [http://www.sfwa.org/members/elgin/Laadan.html Elgin's Láadan introduction]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150601013606/http://home.comcast.net/~amjbarnhart/ Láadan lessons] (moderately paced lessons in Láadan)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150601013606/http://home.comcast.net/~amjbarnhart/ Láadan lessons] (moderately paced lessons in Láadan)
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* [http://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-laadan/en/ldn/ How to count in Láadan]
* [http://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-laadan/en/ldn/ How to count in Láadan]


{{Constructed languages}}
{{pri}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Laadan}}
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Engineered languages]]
[[Category:Engineered languages]]
[[Category:Feminist science fiction]]
[[Category:Fictional languages]]
[[Category:Fictional languages]]
[[Category:Constructed languages introduced in the 1980s]]
[[Category:1982 introductions]]
[[Category:Gender in language]]
[[Category:Tonal languages]]
[[Category:Tonal languages]]
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