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User:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán/თქარინ: Difference between revisions

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In <whatever-this-language-is-actually-called> English is known as  ინგლისი /inglisi/.
In <whatever-this-language-is-actually-called> English is known as  ინგლისი /inglisi/.
Thinking of calling this language "Dagarian" in English and დაგარი (თქარინ) natively. Thoughts?
Maybe დაგარი is related to the word for "people" or "nation". It's got nothing to do with Dagestan.


==Background information==
==Background information==
A language spoken in central and western Georgia.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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| '''ჰ''' /h/
| '''ჰ''' /h/
|-
|-
! Liquid
! Approximant
|  
|  
| '''რ''' /r/ '''ლ''' /l/
| '''რ''' /r/ '''ლ''' /l/
|  
| /j/<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|  
| /w/<nowiki>*</nowiki>
|
|
|  
|  
|}
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>The semi-vowels /j, w/ only occur in diphthongs and are not consistently represented in the orthography.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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| colspan="2"| '''ა''' /a/
| colspan="2"| '''ა''' /a/
|}
|}
Diphthongs do actually occur even though they are badly represented in the orthography.


===Stress===
===Stress===
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===Running speech===
===Running speech===
Maybe aspiration gets dropped in running speech and replaced by a modal/creaky voice distinction?
In words where final nasal do occur, they are often dropped (leaving behind no nasalisation of the preceding vowel).


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
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*Clauses are preferably separated by commas
*Clauses are preferably separated by commas
*The semi-colon is used more extensively than in English
*The semi-colon is used more extensively than in English
*Reported vs direct speech
*Ordinal numbers are commonly abbreviated to the corresponding Roman numerals
*Direct speech...


==Case system==
==Case system==
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The indefinite declension is given below:
The indefinite declension is given below:


:''These declensions need muddying up a little''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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Table given below:
Table given below:
:''These too''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2"|  
! rowspan="2"|  
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Any noun can be used as an adjective.
Any noun can be used as an adjective.
Adjectives may, however, be separate items. These often add nuance and are formed by the suffixes -იმ- or -ენ- (the root keeping its desinence).


Adjectives precede the noun they qualify and agree in both number and case.
Adjectives precede the noun they qualify and agree in both number and case.
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Superlatives are formed by adding the prefix სა- to the comparative form.
Superlatives are formed by adding the prefix სა- to the comparative form.


The elative degree, a form that can be used instead of the comparative or superlative (especially if no genuine comparison is being made), is often preferred in spoken language and is formed by adding the prefix ძე- and the suffix -იხ.
From სა- comes the word სახი meaning "most" or "best".
From სა- comes the word სახი meaning "most" or "best".


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Prepositions require the use of one of three cases: accusative, dative or genitive.
Prepositions require the use of one of three cases: accusative, dative or genitive.


Many prepositions may take more than one case. A change in case may indicate motion or other semantic change.
Many prepositions may take more than one case, some are even take able to take three. In most cases, a change in case indicates motion.


The accusative is usually used to indicate motion towards, the dative location and the genitive motion away from.
The accusative is usually used to indicate motion towards, the dative location and the genitive motion away from.
There are around forty prepositions, at least half a dozen of which are compounds.


==Numerals==
==Numerals==
All numerals end in -უ and are invariable. That is, with the exception of მილ, მილიონ and მილიარდ.
All numerals end in -უ and are invariable. That is, with the exception of დეკი, რიმა, მილიონ and მილიარდ (zero, thousand, million and billion).


Numerals are placed before the noun they modify and the noun is never pluralised.
Numerals are placed before the noun they modify and the noun is never pluralised.
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==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
===Personal===
===Personal===
:''Not entirely happy with this''
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The role of possessive adjectives is played by prefixes transparently related to their corresponding personal pronouns.
The role of possessive adjectives is played by prefixes transparently related to their corresponding personal pronouns.
:''Or this''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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! rowspan="2"|
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===Conjugation===
===Conjugation===
:''Don't forget these''
Verbs do not conjugate for person; they do conjugate for number, tense, mood, aspect and voice.
Verbs do not conjugate for person; they do conjugate for number, tense, mood, aspect and voice.


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This can also convey the auto-benefactive.
This can also convey the auto-benefactive.
===Evidentiality===
Evidentiality is shown by prefixes. There is a three-way distinction: sensory, inferential, hearsay.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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Subordination and coordination
Subordination and coordination


==Derivational morphology==
==Word formation and derivational morphology==
===Overview===
Words are made up of that, if left bare, are usually nouns. Roots most often end in -ა, -ო or a consonant. Roots that end in a consonant add -ი to form a simple noun. In compounds the ი-less form is used. Note that some non-nominal roots may end in -ი. Roots that denotes qualities are usually adjectives by default, not nouns.
 
Prefixes are usually prepositions.
 
Roots of changeable non-abstract qualities are often adjectives (which may function as nouns) by default.
 
Compound nouns are head-final.
 
===Negative===
The negative prefix კა- can be used to indicate lack. When it is attached to a noun, the noun is put into the genitive case (singular or plural according to context). Note that due phonological rules, when this is attached to words that begin with consonant clusters, the stress of that word may shift.
The negative prefix კა- can be used to indicate lack. When it is attached to a noun, the noun is put into the genitive case (singular or plural according to context). Note that due phonological rules, when this is attached to words that begin with consonant clusters, the stress of that word may shift.


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==Lexicon==
==Lexicon==
:''At the moment I only have around 200-250 roots/words/lemmata''
Vocabulary lists:
Vocabulary lists:
*Colours
*Colours
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*Weather
*Weather
*Kinship
*Kinship
*Fauna
*Flora and fauna
*Flora
*Countries
*Countries
 
*Writing
<!---
**ალჶავითი "alphabet" (generic)
**ანბანი "Georgian alphabet"
**აზბუკა "Cyrillic alphabet"
**აბეწედა "Latin alphabet"
**აბუბენი "Armenian alphabet"
**გრეჭენი "Greek alphabet"
**არაბიწა "Arabic alphabet"
--->
Other words:
Other words:
*Numerals
*Numerals
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*Swadesh list
*Swadesh list
*Loan words
*Loan words
<!--
<!--
Phrasebook:
Phrasebook:
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*Small talk
*Small talk
*Breaking the language barrier
*Breaking the language barrier
*Dates and times
*Numbers and amounts
*Time and dates
*Paperwork
*Paperwork
*Getting around
*Getting around
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*Around town
*Around town
*Interests and entertainment
*Interests and entertainment
*Food
*Food and drink
*At the market
*Shopping
*Shopping
*Health
*Health
*Emergencies
*Idioms
*Idioms
-->
-->
==Example text==
==Example text==
Translation of [[Literature:Schleicher's fable|Schleicher's fable]]:
Translation of [[Literature:Schleicher's fable|Schleicher's fable]]:


:'''ვაინ რა ხერინი'''
:'''ვაინ რა ხერინი'''
:ჭენ ჟუყოს გიდიხ ვაინ, ქთი თივა კამუიშ, ხერიმი; სტივა ზუ სი ლარშ ურგამ ვოზომ; პერხივა ზუ სი ლარშ ბეყიმ ფერიმ; რა ქიმ პერხივა ზუ ჰანამ. ძარეხ ვაინ ხერინსი: "პელი ემაცწოროს, ნეჰუ ემ გიდი ჰანამ, ქთი ვომი ხერიმი". ითევიხ ხერინი: "ვაი, ოსკმი: პელი ღეწოროსი მირ ღე იგიდი ჰომ: სამზგირე ჰანა - ილირადინ - სი მუინშ ვაინშ სხამ შრომ; რა თი ვაი კამუიშ". გაგოსეხ ჰომ, ომბგასიხ ვაინ ჭენ მალომ.
:ჭენ ჟუყოს გიდიხ ვაინ, ქთი თივა კამუიშ, ხერიმი; სტივა ზუ სი ლარშ ურგამ ვოზომ; პერხივა ზუ სი ლარშ ბეყიმ ფერიმ; რა ქიმ პერხივა ზუ ჰანამ. ძარეხ ვაინ ხერინსი: "პელი ემაცწოროს, ნეჰუ ემ გიდი ჰანამ, ქთი ვომი ხერიმი". ითევიხ ხერინი: "ვაი, ოსკმი: პელი ღეწოროსი მირ ღე იგიდი ჰომ: სემზგირე ჰანა - ილირადინ - სი მუინშ ვაინშ სხამ შრომ; რა თი ვაი კამუიშ". გაგოსეხ ჰომ, ომბგასიხ ვაინ ჭენ მალომ.
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