Verse:Schngellstein/Stem-Celtic Nurian: Difference between revisions

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! dat.
! dat.
| ''mõi'' || ''tõi'' || ''sõme'' || ''sõre'' || ''tõme'' || ''angav'' || ''jungav'' || ''siv, serav'' || ''hõme''
| ''mõi'' || ''tõi'' || ''sõme'' || ''sõre'' || ''tõme'' || ''angav'' || ''jungav'' || ''siv, serav'' || ''hõi''
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|-
! abl.-loc.
! abl.-loc.
| ''mined, med'' || ''tived, ted'' || ''sõmed'' || ''sõred'' || ''tõmed'' || ''angav'' || ''jungav'' || ''siv, serav'' || ''hõmed, hed''
| ''mined, med'' || ''tived, ted'' || ''sõmed'' || ''sõred'' || ''tõmed'' || ''angav'' || ''jungav'' || ''siv, serav'' || ''hived, hed''
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Revision as of 21:55, 1 March 2021

Pestonian (native name: Risened tangu) is an Estonian-inspired descendant of Hivatish.

Numbers: õin, tua, tria, kidur, pik, huu, heht, õst, neu, tis

Tepader! = an oath, like "Jesus" or "Christ" in our English

kuruunaawihuh = coronavirus, kõuvid = COVID

Phonology

Consonants: p b v t d δ k g s z h m n ng w r l j /p b v t d ð k g s z h~χ m n ŋ w ʀ l j/

Vowels: a e i u õ /a e i u ɤ/ + long vowels and diphthongs

Nouns

no gender

Consonant declension

valg 'wolf' (< valkuq)
Singular Plural
Nominative valg valgar
Genitive valga valgu
Dative valge valgav
Ablative-Locative valged valgav


wirδ 'word' (< wirdun)
Singular Plural
Nominative wirδ werδar
Genitive werδa wirδu
Dative wirδe wirδav
Ablative-Locative wirδed wirδav

a-declension

võga 'city' (< vukaa)
Singular Plural
Nominative võga võgar
Genitive võgar võgu
Dative võge võgav
Ablative-Locative võgad võgav

i-declension

inn 'fire' (< ingniq)
Singular Plural
Nominative inn innir
Genitive innir innu
Dative inne inniv
Ablative-Locative innid inniv

u-declension

suht 'attempt'
Singular Plural
Nominative suht suhtur
Genitive suhter suhtu
Dative suhte suhtuv
Ablative-Locative suhtud suhtuv

Athematic declension

Athematic nouns are the most irregular:

ree 'king'
Singular Plural
Nominative ree reejer
Genitive reeja reeju
Dative rei reejav
Ablative-Locative reejed reejav


igalu 'trout'
Singular Plural
Nominative igalu igalur
Genitive igaluja igalu
Dative igale igalav
Ablative-Locative igalud igalav


anur 'storm'
Singular Plural
Nominative anur anurir
Genitive anure anuri
Dative anure anuriv
Ablative-Locative anurid anuriv


em 'sea'
Singular Plural
Nominative em emar
Genitive imer imu
Dative eme emav
Ablative-Locative emad emav

n-stem declension

nõma 'name'
Singular Plural
Nominative nõma nõmanar
Genitive nõmar nõmanu
Dative nõmane nõmanav
Ablative-Locative nõmaned nõmanav

Reborrowed classical nouns

wihuh 'virus' (reborrowed from wiquq)
Singular Plural
Nominative wihuh wihar
Genitive wiha wihu
Dative wihe wihav
Ablative-Locative wihed wihav


bonus 'bonus'
Singular Plural
Nominative bonus bonar
Genitive bona bonu
Dative bone bonav
Ablative-Locative boned bonav

Adjectives

Similar to noun declension classes; adjectives before nouns. The u-declension is the regular one for adjectives, except for ones that end in a vowel or -r.

  • Nominative: tali wirδ 'long word', taljar werδar 'long words'
  • Genitive: talja werδa, talju wirδu
  • Dative: talje wirδe, taljav wirδav
  • Abl-loc: taljad wirδed, taljav wirδav

Pronouns

case 1sg. 2sg. (familiar) 3sg. 1pl. 2pl., polite 3pl. reflexive
"he" "she" "it"
nom. ja tu sid sa sud am ju sir -
acc. mi ti sun san sud ang jung sur hi
gen. min tiv siv sar ta angar jungar serar hiv
dat. mõi tõi sõme sõre tõme angav jungav siv, serav hõi
abl.-loc. mined, med tived, ted sõmed sõred tõmed angav jungav siv, serav hived, hed

Verbs

TODO: revamp tenses to get split-ergativity, add evidentiality

Unlike Qivattutannguaq, Pestonian is NOT pro-drop.

There is a 2x2 tense structure: {non-past, past} x {imperfective, perfective}.

Ergativity is used in perfect(ive) tenses. The verb agrees with the noun in the absolutive case, and the ergative subject is marked with tar 'through' plus the accusative case: Tar sin teisedõim. 'He will find me.'

As in Hebrew and Russian, some tenses are pro-drop but some tenses are not.

teised "he finds":

  • Non-past imperfective: ja teisia, tu teiser, sid/sa/sud teised, am teisim, ju teisid, sir teisud
  • Past imperfective: ja teiser, tu teiset, sid/sa/sud teiser, am teiseme, ju teisete, sir teiser
  • Past perfective: teisedim, teiseder, teiseded, teisedime, teisedite, teisedud
  • Future perfective: teisetõim, teisetõir, teisetõid, teisetõime, teisetõite, teisetõjud

vinned "he binds":

  • Non-past imperfective: ja vinna, tu vinner, sid/sa/sud vinned, am vinnam, ju vinned, sir vinnud
  • Past imperfective: ja vanner, tu vannet, sid/sa/sud vanner, am vanneme, ju vannete, sir vanner
  • Past perfective: vandim, vander, vanded, vandime, vandite, vandud
  • Future perfective: vantõim, vantõir, vantõid, vantõime, vantõite, vantõjud

teepudad "he rules":

  • Non-past imperfective: ja teepuda, tu teepudar, sid teepudad, am teepudam, ju teepudad, sir teepudud
  • Past imperfective: ja teepudar, tu teepudat, sid teepudar, am teepudame, ju teepudate, sir teepudar
  • Past perfective: teepudadim, teepudader, teepudaded, teepudadime, teepudadite, teepudadud
  • Future perfective: teepudatõim, teepudatõir, teepudatõid, teepudatõime, teepudatõite, teepudatõjud
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